@article{Roider1994,
   author = {Roider, J. and Traccoli, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Anderson, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selektiver Gefässverschluss durch repetierende kurze Laserpulse},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-9},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The occlusion of arterioles and venules (30 microns in diameter) by means of repeated dye laser pulses (577 nm, 160 microseconds, 0.5 Hz) was studied in the hamster cheek pouch model. Microscopically visible changes during and after irradiation were recorded and monitored by a video system. The energy necessary per pulse for vessel occlusion with a single pulse (arterioles 5 J/cm2, venules 3.5 J/cm2) can be lowered more than 50% with 100 pulses (1.8 J/cm2, 1.2 J/cm2). Rupture of vessels, which regularly occurs with a single pulse, can be totally avoided with 100 repetitive laser pulses. Investigations of the temperature dependence of the occlusion rate of arterioles showed different interaction mechanisms with one pulse and 100 pulses (mechanical and thermal respectively). Light and electron microscopic investigations supported this concept of selective occlusion using repeated short laser pulses. Possible clinical applications are portwine stains of the eyelid, neovascularisation on the cornea and subretinal neovascularisation.},
   keywords = {Animals
Arterioles/pathology
Cheek/blood supply
Cricetinae
*Disease Models, Animal
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron
Retinal Neovascularization/pathology/*surgery
Venules/pathology
Video Recording/*instrumentation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8086741},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1994,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Intrastromal refractive corneal surgery with pico-second Nd:YAG laser pulses]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {655-62},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {Intrastromal laser surgery with picosecond pulses aims to achieve refractive changes of the cornea without damaging the epithelium, Bowman's membrane, or the endothelium. For that, a tissue layer with well-defined thickness has to be evaporated by creating laser plasmas within the corneal stroma. We investigated the plasma formation and the plasma-induced shock wave emission and bubble generation (cavitation) in the cornea, as well as the tissue effects and the range for endothelial damage. The laser light source used was an Nd:YAG laser emitting pulses with a duration of 30 ps at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Intrastromal plasma formation and cavitation were investigated in sheep eyes in vitro by means of time-resolved macro-photography with 20 ns exposure time. Photographs were taken at various delay times (3 microseconds-2 min) after the release of the Nd:YAG laser pulse. The morphology of the laser effects and the incidence of endothelial damage was investigated by light-microscopic inspection of histological cross sections of the irradiated corneas. The minimal plasma size at energies close to the breakdown threshold was about 40 microns. Using a laser effects could be created without causing microscopically detectable damage to the epithelium, endothelium, or Bowman's membrane. To avoid damage, the distance between endothelium and laser focus had to be larger than 150 microns. Shock wave-induced tissue damage was not observed, although the maximum shock wave pressure was up to 13 kbar. The laser-generated intrastromal cavities are at least 10 times larger than the plasma volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Animals
Corneal Stroma/pathology/*surgery
Endothelium, Corneal/pathology
Epithelium/pathology
Equipment Design
Laser Surgery/*instrumentation
*Refraction, Ocular
Sheep
Surface Properties},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7812100},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Hasan, T. and Gragoudas, E. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Vascular targeting in photodynamic occlusion of subretinal vessels},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {101},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1953-61},
   note = {0161-6420 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) for occlusion of subretinal neovascular membranes, the authors studied efficiency and collateral damage of PDT-induced photothrombosis in the rabbit choriocapillary layer. METHOD: Benzoporphyrin derivative, a new photosensitizer, currently in clinical trials for tumor therapy, was used. Low-density lipoprotein served as a carrier to enhance selective targeting of vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS: Complete choriocapillary occlusion was achieved at a BPD dose of 2 mg/kg and a radiant exposure as low as 10 J/cm2. When PDT was performed 3 hours after BPD application, damage to the neural retina was minimal. Only inner photoreceptor segments showed mitochondrial swelling probably secondary to choroidal ischemia. Bruch's membrane remained intact. Retinal pigment epithelium was invariably damaged as seen with other photosensitizers. CONCLUSION: Compared with photocoagulation BPD-PDT allows endothelial-bound intraluminal photothrombosis, sparing important structures such as neural retina and Bruch's membrane. It may thus provide a more selective treatment of juxtafoveal and subfoveal neovascular membranes.},
   keywords = {Animals
Bruch Membrane/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Choroid/blood supply
Drug Carriers
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Lipoproteins, LDL/therapeutic use
*Photochemotherapy/methods
Photoreceptors/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/drug effects/pathology/radiation effects
Porphyrins/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Rabbits
Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/pathology
Retinal Vessels/*drug effects/pathology/radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997334},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@book{Vogel,
   author = {VOGEL, A. and ASIYO-VOGEL, M. and BIRNGRUBER, R.},
   title = {Untersuchungen zur intrastromalen refraktiven Hornhautchirurgie mit Picosekunden-Nd: YAG-Laser-Pulsen},
   publisher = {Springer},
   address = {Berlin, ALLEMAGNE},
   volume = {91},
   keywords = {Surgery
Chirurgie
Cornea
Corn&#233
e
YAG laser
Laser YAG
Neodymium
N&#233
odyme
Stroma
Laser produced plasma
Plasma produit par laser
Cavitation bubble
Bulle cavitation
Eye
Oeil
Sheep
Mouton
Animal
In vitro
Artiodactyla
Ungulata
Mammalia
Vertebrata},
   year = {1994}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Knipper, A;Brinkmann, R;Durek, C;Gromoll, B and Jocham, D},
   title = {The Holmium-YAG-laser as a new cutting instrument in the ureter},
   journal = {Investigative urology (Berlin, Germany)},
   volume = {5},
   pages = {233-235},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1994,
   author = {Roider, J. and Schiller, M. and el Hifnawi, E. S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Retinal photocoagulation with a pulsed, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm)]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {6},
   pages = {777-82},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The small difference in wavelength between an argon laser (514 nm) and a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm), together with the advantage of the solid-state technology, makes the Nd:YAG laser likely to play a major role in retinal photocoagulation in the near future. For technical reasons all frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers work in a quasi-continuous mode, emitting a burst of highly repetitive short laser pulses during the exposure time desired. We investigated the side effects due to high peak irradiances of those short laser pulse trains (Crystal Focus Nd:YAG laser, Emerald; pulse duration 1-10 microseconds, repetition rate 13 KHz) in rabbits in comparison with a standard argon laser system (Zeiss, Visulas, Argon II). The energy necessary for blanching the retina was similar in both cases. As opposed to the argon laser system, subretinal bubbles were regularly visible ophthalmoscopically with the Nd:YAG system, when average powers as high as 200 mW were used. The ED50 power for bubble formation is about 2-3 times above the ED50 power for blanching. Thermal calculations show that this bubble formation effect is likely to be related to the peak power of the short pulses. The hemorrhage threshold is similar in both systems. However, light microscopically there is no difference between the two laser systems. Panretinal photocoagulation (300-500 microns, 100-200 ms) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy produced such bubbles about once per 1000 lesions.},
   keywords = {Animals
Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology/surgery
Equipment Design
Humans
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/injuries/pathology/*surgery
Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/pathology/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7849431},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1994,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. C. and Ferguson, R. D. and Puliafito, C. A. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Reflectance Monitoring during Retinal Photocoagulation in Humans - Steps toward the Development of an Automated Feedback-Controlled Photocoagulator},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1374-1374},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58500560},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U W; Gragoudas, E; Flotte, T J;  Michaud, N A;  Birngruber, R and Hasan, T},
   title = {Photodynamic Therapy of Experimental Choroidal Melanoma Using Lipoprotein-Delivered Benzoporphyrin},
   journal = {Ophthal},
   
   pages = {89-99},
   note = {Mv308
Times Cited:81
Cited References Count:32},
   abstract = {Background: Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD) is a new photosensitizer currently undergoing clinical trial for cutaneous malignancies. Compared with the clinically most frequently used sensitizer, Photofrin, BPD may offer higher tumor phototoxicity, better tissue penetration, and absence of significant skin sensitization. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carriers heighten efficiency and selectivity of BPD because neovascular and tumor cells express an increased number of LBL receptors. Hence, in addition to the vaso-occlusive effects similar to most other photosensitizers, LDL-BPD also has been shown to cause direct tumor cell damage.
Methods: Benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid was complexed with human LDL and used in photodynamic treatment of choroidal melanomas experimentally induced in eight albino rabbits. Five rabbits served as controls. Three hours after intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg body weight of LDL-BPD, eight tumors were irradiated at 692 nm and 100 J/cm(2) via an argon-pumped dye laser coupled into a slit lamp.
Results: Angiography and histologic findings showed immediate photothrombosis after disintegration of endothelial membranes. After complete necrosis of tumor cells within 24 hours, a small fibrotic scar slowly developed. No tumor regrowth was noted up to 6 weeks when animals were killed.
Conclusion: These data suggest that photodynamic treatment with LDL-BPD may be a promising modality for multiple clinical applications, including tumors and neovascularizations II.},
   keywords = {hematoporphyrin photoradiation therapy
malignant-melanoma
intraocular tumors
cells
photoimmunotherapy
oxygen
cancer
invivo
agent},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MV30800018},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hettlich1994,
   author = {Hettlich, H. J. and Lucke, K. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. N. and Schulte, M. and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Lens refilling and endocapsular polymerization of an injectable intraocular lens: in vitro and in vivo study of potential risks and benefits},
   journal = {J Cataract Refract Surg},
   volume = {20},
   number = {2},
   pages = {115-23},
   note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Mar},
   abstract = {Endocapsular cataract removal and injection of a liquid artificial lens has several advantages, including restitution of accommodation, small corneoscleral incision, a more physiological position of the intraocular lens, and a reduced rate of secondary opacification. Our technique consists of bimanual phacofragmentation followed by injection of a fluid monomeric material that can be polymerized inside the capsular bag by short light exposure. Our study assessed the potential risks of the technique (e.g., heat damage to ocular tissue, light damage to the retina) and investigated the technique in vivo. We performed in vitro experiments on porcine cadaver eyes and an in vivo study on 15 rabbits. After a clinical follow-up of at least 12 weeks, the eyes were investigated histopathologically. During the polymerization process, the highest temperature measured at the posterior lens capsule was 45.1 degrees Celsius for a few seconds. The measured irradiance (0.065 watts per cm2) and the risk of photochemical damage to the retina during 20 seconds of polymerization were comparable to that caused by 1.5 minutes of standard coaxial illumination with the operating microscope. In vivo there were no serious inflammatory reactions except in four cases in which there had been intraoperative problems. The rate of secondary opacification appeared less than in conventional intraocular lens implantation in rabbits, especially when the capsule refilled completely. Retinal damage could not be detected histopathologically. In conclusion, refilling techniques may be successful once appropriate refilling materials become available.},
   ISSN = {0886-3350 (Print)
0886-3350 (Linking)},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Wetzel, W;Häring, G;Brinkmann, R and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using the erbium: YAG laser. First results of a clinical study},
   journal = {Germ j ophthal},
   volume = {3(2)},
  
   pages = {112-115},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Binkmann1994,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Dröge, G. and Koop, N. and Wördemann, A. and Schirner, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on laser thermokeratoplasty},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {6},
   number = {4},
   pages = {259 - 270},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1994,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Asiyovogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigations on Intrastromal Refractive Surgery with Picosecond Nd-Yag Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2155-2155},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58504161},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Ludwig,
   author = {Ludwig, K. and Busch, L. C. and Jungnickel, K. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Präparation critical-point-getrockneter Mausembryonen mit einem Laserskalpell},
   journal = {Ann Anat},
   volume = {176},
   pages = {559 - 563},
   year = {1994}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Capon, M. R. and Asiyo-Vogel, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Intraocular photodisruption with picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses: tissue effects in cornea, lens, and retina},
   journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
   volume = {35},
   number = {7},
   pages = {3032-44},
   note = {0146-0404 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {PURPOSE. Nd:YAG laser photodisruption with nanosecond (ns) pulses in the millijoule range is an established tool for intraocular surgery. This study investigates tissue effects in cornea, lens, and retina to assess whether picosecond (ps) pulses with energies in the microjoule range can increase the surgical precision, reduce collateral damage, and allow applications requiring more localized tissue effects than can be achieved with ns pulses. METHODS. Both ps and ns Nd:YAG laser effects on Descemet's membrane, in the corneal stroma, in the lens, and at the retina were investigated in vitro in bovine and sheep eyes and in cataractous human lens nuclei. For each tissue, the optical breakdown threshold was determined. The morphology of the tissue effects and the damage range of the laser pulses were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The cavitation bubble dynamics during the formation of corneal intrastromal laser effects were documented by time-resolved photography. RESULTS. The optical breakdown threshold for ps pulses in clear cornea, lens, and vitreous is, on average, 12 times lower than that for ns pulses. In cataractous lens nuclei, it is lower by a factor of 7. Using ps pulses, Descemet's membrane could be dissected with fewer disruptive side effects than with ns pulses, whereby the damage range decreased by a factor of 3. The range for retinal damage was only 0.5 mm when 200 microJ ps pulses were focused into the vitreous. Picosecond pulses could be used for corneal intrastromal tissue evaporation without damaging the corneal epithelium or endothelium, when the pulses were applied in the anterior part of the stroma. The range for endothelial damage was 150 microns at 80 microJ pulse energy. Intrastromal corneal refractive surgery is compromised by the laser-induced cavitation effects. Tissue displacement during bubble expansion is more pronounced than tissue evaporation, and irregular bubble formation creates difficulties in producing predictable refractive changes. CONCLUSIONS. The use of ps pulses improves the precision of intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery and diminishes unwanted disruptive side effects, thereby widening the field of potential applications. Promising fields for further studies are intrastromal corneal refractive surgery, cataract fragmentation, membrane cutting, and vitreolysis close to the retina.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Cornea/injuries/surgery/*ultrastructure
Laser Surgery/adverse effects/instrumentation/*methods
Lens, Crystalline/injuries/surgery/*ultrastructure
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Retina/injuries/surgery/*ultrastructure
Sheep},
   year = {1994}
}

@inbook{Jungnickel1994,
   author = {Jungnickel, Kerstin and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Interaction of two laser-induced cavitation bubbles},
   booktitle = {Bubble Dynamics and Interface Phenomena},
   editor = {Blake, J. R. and Boulton-Stone, J. M. and Thomas, N. H.},
   series = {Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications},
   publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
   volume = {23},
   chapter = {4},
   pages = {47-53},
   ISBN = {978-94-010-4404-2},
   DOI = {10.1007/978-94-011-0938-3_4},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0938-3_4},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Book Section}
}

@article{Hee1994,
   author = {Hee, M. R. and Izatt, J. A. and Swanson, E. A. and Huang, D. and Lin, C. P. and Schuman, J. S. and Puliafito, C. A. and Inderfurth, J. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G.},
   title = {In-Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography of the Anterior Segment},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2078-2078},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58503806},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1994,
   author = {Schirner, G;Huber, A;Wördemann, A;GRÖGE, G; El-Hifnawi, E; Birngruber, R and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Wirkung des Er: Glas-und Cr: TM: Ho: YAG-Lasers bei der Thermokeratoplastik},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe (Berlin. Print)},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {638-645},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1994,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Huber, A. and Wordemann, A. and Droge, G. and el-Hifnawi, E. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {[Experimental studies on the effect of the Er:glass and Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG laser in thermokeratoplasty]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {5},
   pages = {638-45},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {So far the dose-effect ratio of the Holmium laser (wavelength 2.12 microns) and the erbium laser (1.54 microns) for laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) are not defined in detail. Our study was designed not only to compare the erbium contact and the holmium non-contact applications but also to throw light on the influence of different geometrical application patterns, pulse energies, pulses per coagulation site and repetition rates under experimental conditions. Enucleated sheep and pig eyes were used 2-6 h post mortem, pressurized to 25 mmHg and moisturized with saline solution. Before and after LTK, pachymetry and keratometry were performed. Some specimens were prepared for light and scanning microscopy. The coagulation threshold for the erbium laser in a contact mode with a 200-microns fibre was 25 J/cm2 (ca. 8 mJ/pulse) and for the holmium laser 8 J/cm2 (ca. 2.5 mJ/pulse). The erbium laser was used in a single shot per spot mode, the holmium laser in repeated pulse per spot mode. With the single shot per spot mode, we were able to induce a promising hyperopic shift of up to -3.47 +/- 0.61 D, while myopic changes could only be induced up to +1.89 +/- 0.74 D. Higher changes of up to +8.27 +/- 1.3 D could be achieved by means of repeated pulses per spot (20 pulses, 45 mJ, 10 Hz). Our experiments showed an obvious increase of dioptric changes when using a higher repetition rate while pulse energy and number were kept constant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Animals
Cornea/pathology
Corneal Transplantation/*instrumentation/pathology
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Myopia/pathology/surgery
Refraction, Ocular
Sheep
Swine},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7812097},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1994,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. and Ferguson, R. D. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Dynamic reflectometer for control of laser photocoagulation on the retina},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {54-61},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {In retinal laser photocoagulation, constant exposure parameters do not result in identical lesions. This lack of reproducibility increases the rate of complications from over- or undertreatment and inhibits determination of the optimal treatment endpoints for different retinal disorders. To this end, a feedback-controlled photocoagulator could make retinal photocoagulation a safer, more reproducible, and faster procedure. A dynamic confocal reflectometer was integrated into a slit lamp laser delivery system. Real-time reflectance changes on the retinas of pigmented rabbits were obtained by monitoring the increasing back-scattered light of the coagulating beam during argon laser photocoagulation. Reproducible temporal reflectance patterns were measured that correlated with ophthalmoscopically assessed lesion intensity independent of the exposure parameters, the transparency of the optical media, and the focusing conditions. As a step toward the development of a feedback-controlled photocoagulator, the confocal reflectometer has been proven in animal trials closely resembling clinical practice.},
   keywords = {Animals
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation/methods
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997048},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Reichle,
   author = {Reichle, A. and Diddens, H. and Altmayr, F. and Rastetter, J. and Andreesen, R.},
   title = {Chemomodulation of drugs involved in multiple resistance in chronic lymphatic leukemia of the B-cell type},
   journal = {Cancer Chemother Pharmacol.
},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {307-16},
   year = {1994}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1994,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U. and Diddens, H. and Bamberg, M. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Carrier-Mediated Targeting in Photodynamic Therapy of Retinoblastoma Cells},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {35},
   number = {4},
   pages = {2119-2119},
   note = {Mz585
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1994MZ58504004},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lin1994,
   author = {Lin, C. P. and Weaver, Y. K. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Intraocular microsurgery with a picosecond Nd:YAG laser},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {44-53},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {We investigated the use of picosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses for intraocular microsurgery. With a pulse duration of 100 picoseconds, only 70 microJ of pulse energy is required to consistently produce optical breakdown in the deep vitreous. This pulse energy is nearly two orders of magnitude less than the typical pulse energies used in conventional (nanosecond) photodisruptors. The reduced pulse energy results in a smaller zone of tissue damage, an important consideration when operating close to the retina or other sensitive ocular structures. Efficient cutting action is achieved by applying multiple pulses at a moderately high repetition rate of 50-200 Hz. An in vitro model was developed to assess axial confinement of picosecond photodisruption. In vivo vitreous membrane surgery was performed in experimental rabbit eyes to demonstrate a potential clinical application of picosecond laser-induced optical breakdown.},
   keywords = {3T3 Cells
Animals
Cell Membrane
Cells, Cultured
Disease Models, Animal
Eye Diseases/pathology/surgery
Laser Surgery/instrumentation/*methods
Mice
Microsurgery/instrumentation/*methods
Rabbits
Vitreous Body/pathology/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997047},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Matsumoto, M. and Miki, T. and Eckert, K. G. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Quantification of indocyanine-green enhancement of diode laser photocoagulation]},
   journal = {Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi},
   volume = {97},
   number = {5},
   pages = {581-6},
   note = {0029-0203 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The enhancement by indocyanine-green (ICG) of diode laser photocoagulation was quantified. Since ICG concentration in blood increases and decreases rapidly after a single injection, it is difficult to quantify the exact enhancing effect of ICG. A steady-state plasma concentration (about 30 micrograms/ml) of ICG was achieved by injection of 2.5 mg/kg of ICG followed by continuous injection of 0.45 micrograms/kg/min of ICG. The threshold energy values to obtain grayish white retinal burn or choriocapillary occlusion were evaluated at this steady concentration of ICG, and compared with the values in the absence of ICG. The use of ICG decreased the energy values 7% for retinal burn and 8% for choriocapillary occlusion. Although the total dosage of ICG during the continuous injection was high, the enhancement of retinal burn and choriocapillary occlusion was small.},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/pathology/surgery
Indocyanine Green/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology
Infusions, Intravenous
*Laser Coagulation
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8337962},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Transscleral and indirect ophthalmoscope diode laser retinal photocoagulation: experimental quantification of the therapeutic range for their application in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {231},
   number = {7},
   pages = {378-83},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Laser indirect ophthalmoscope (LIO) photocoagulation and transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva were performed in the fundus of chinchilla gray rabbits using various exposure times and powers, and the thresholds for retinal blanching and choroidal hemorrhage were determined. The therapeutic range was described for both applications as the ratio between energy values to produce grayish white lesions and hemorrhage at 50% probability. The therapeutic range appeared to remain almost constant with different exposure times. The mean ratio with LIO was 3.2 +/- 0.28, similar to that with slit-lamp delivery reported in our previous study. The mean ratio with transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva were 2.48 +/- 0.28 and 2.38 +/- 0.26, respectively. The variability of LIO appeared to be a little lower than with transscleral photocoagulation. There was no significant difference between the variability with transscleral photocoagulation through the conjunctiva and subconjunctiva.},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid Hemorrhage/etiology/pathology
Fundus Oculi
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Laser Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Retinal Diseases/etiology/pathology
Retinopathy of Prematurity/*surgery
Semiconductors},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8406062},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Gässler, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The risk of choroidal hemorrhage with diode laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {Jpn J Ophthalmic Surg},
   volume = {6},
   number = {2},
   pages = {285-290},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1993,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hefetz, Y. and Roider, J. and Schmidt, U. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {[Spatial confinement of intraocular picoseconds-photodisruption effects]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {90},
   number = {4},
   pages = {387-90},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Laser photodisruption is a routinely performed clinical procedure in intraocular microsurgery of post-cataract membranes, anterior synechies and iridectomies. Damage ranges of several millimeters in diameter, however, limit the use of nanosecond photodisruption close to delicate structures, e.g., in the posterior vitreous. Multiple ps-laser pulses of about 100 microJ pulse energy were used to produce disruptive effects in the anterior lens capsule in rabbit eyes in vivo. Ophthalmoscopical and morphological investigations of these effects were compared with those of minimal ns-disruptions. The direct tissue separation effects as well as the collateral damage zones are about one order of magnitude smaller if ps-laser pulses are used. Minimal sizes of disruptive effects are about 50 microns to 150 microns and 500 microns to 1000 microns for ps- and ns-pulses, respectively. The substantial improvement of spatial confinement of ps-photodisruption enables increased precision of intraocular laser microsurgery and opens up new areas of clinical application in structures like the cornea, anterior chamber angle, and crystalline lens.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens Capsule, Crystalline/*injuries/pathology
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microsurgery/instrumentation
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8374239},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1993,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Rpe Photocoagulation by 1 Usec Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {960-960},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89301269},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1993,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. C. and Frish, M. B. and Ferguson, R. D. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Research Towards Development of a Dynamic Reflectometer for Control of Laser-Induced Retinal Photocoagulation},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {960-960},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89301270},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Chudhry,
   author = {Chaudhry, H. and Lynch, M. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gregory, K. and Kochevar, I.},
   title = {Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle induced by low-power laser radiation},
   journal = {Photochem Photobiol},
   volume = {58},
   number = {5},
   pages = {661-9},
   note = {0031-8655 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The relaxation of rabbit aorta rings induced by low-power laser radiation was investigated in vitro to determine the location of the chromophore(s) responsible for this response and evaluate possible mechanisms. An action spectrum for relaxation was measured on rabbit thoracic aorta rings precontracted with norepinephrine. The decrease in isometric tension was measured during exposure to laser light (351-625 nm) delivered via a fiber optic to a small spot on the adventitial surface. The shortest UV wavelength (351 nm) was 35-fold more effective than 390 nm and 1700-fold more effective than 460 nm. Ultraviolet wavelengths also produced greater maximum relaxation (0.40-0.45) than visible wavelengths (0.20-0.25), suggesting that photovasorelaxation involves more than one chromophore. The adventitial layer was not necessary for photovasorelaxation, indicating that the light is absorbed by a chromophore in the medial layer. The same degree of relaxation was obtained on rings without adventitia when either one-half of the ring, or a small spot was irradiated indicating that communication between smooth muscle cells spreads a signal from the area illuminated to the entire ring. The mechanism for photovasorelaxation was investigated using potential inhibitors. N-monomethyl-L-arginine and N-amino-L-arginine, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, did not alter photovasorelaxation nor did indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, and zinc protoporphyrin, an inhibitor of heme oxygenase.},
   keywords = {Animals
Aorta/*radiation effects
Arginine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
Indomethacin/pharmacology
Light
Models, Chemical
Muscle Relaxation/drug effects/*physiology
Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/*radiation effects
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
Protoporphyrins/pharmacology
Rabbits
Ultraviolet Rays
Vasodilation/drug effects/*physiology
omega-N-Methylarginine},
   year = {1993}
}

@article{Birngruber1993,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Augenschäden durch Registrierkassen mit Laserscanner},
   journal = {Dtsch. med. Wschr.},
   volume = {118},
   pages = {51-52},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1993,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U. and Jacobs, D. and Flotte, T. J. and Gragoudas, E. and Hasan, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Photothrombosis of Ocular Neovascularization Using Benzoporphyrin Derivative (Bpd)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {34},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1303-1303},
   note = {Kt893
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1993KT89302954},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1993,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Du, C.W. and Liu, X.D. and Li, Z.G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Monte-carlo simulation of magneto-birefringence in magnetic fluids},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {73},
   number = {10},
   pages = {6142-6144},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider,
   author = {Roider, J. and Hillenkamp, F. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Microphotocoagulation: selective effects of repetitive short laser pulses},
   journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
   volume = {90},
   number = {18},
   pages = {8643-7},
   note = {0027-8424 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Repetitive exposure to short laser pulses is shown to cause selective damage to absorbing structures (cells, organelles, or enzymes) with pulse energies below the threshold energy for single-pulse damage. Directly adjacent structures are spared in vivo. Additivity of (presumably nonphotochemical) subthreshold effects is demonstrated. Selective damage to the retinal pigment epithelium with sparing of the neural retina is shown (514 nm, 5 microseconds, 1-500 pulses at 500 Hz, 2- to 10-microJ pulse energy). A melanin granule model has been developed and applied to the experimental situation. Histological results as well as the basic mechanism for these effects are discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Lasers
Light Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Microscopy, Electron
Microsurgery/adverse effects/methods
Probability
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/*radiation effects/ultrastructure
Time Factors},
   year = {1993}
}

@article{Roider1993,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Histologie von Netzhautläsionen nach kontinuierlicher Bestrahlung und nach selektiver Mikrokoagulation des retinalen Pigmentepithels},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {90},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-8},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Mild continuous wave (CW) irradiation (100 ms, 20 mW, 514 nm) and irradiation with 100 repetitive 5 microseconds laser pulses (3 or 6 microJ, 514 nm) at a repetition rate of 500 Hz was performed to the regio macularis of chinchilla rabbits. The angiographically visible lesions were histologically followed up to 4 weeks. With both irradiation modalities the original retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was replaced by a monolayer of new RPE cells. Only minimal immediate and no subsequent damage to the photoreceptors was found after selective RPE photocoagulation. Only minimal inflammatory response was found after selective RPE photocoagulation in contrast to CW photocoagulation where macrophages, RPE cells and lymphocytes regularly appear in the damaged photoreceptor layer.},
   keywords = {Animals
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microsurgery/*instrumentation
Photoreceptors/injuries/pathology
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/*surgery
Rabbits
Regeneration/physiology
Retina/*injuries/pathology
Wound Healing/physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8334331},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel1993,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Busch, Stefan and Asiyo-Vogel, Mary},
   title = {Time-resolved measurements of shock-wave emission and cavitation-bubble generation in intraocular laser surgery with ps- and ns-pulses and related tissue effects},
   volume = {1877},
   pages = {312-322},
   note = {10.1117/12.147544},
   abstract = {Intraocular microsurgery relies on plasma generation with subsequent shock wave emission and cavitation bubble formation. To assess the potentials of photodisruption with picosecond pulses in comparison to the clinical techniques presently used, the shock wave characteristics and the bubble expension after optical breakdown with picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses were investigated by time resolved photography and acoustic measurements. Nd:YAG laser pulses with a wavelength of 1064 nm and a duration of 30 ps and 6 ns were focused into a water-filled glass cuvette. Their breakdown thresholds were 15 (mu) J and 200 (mu) J, respectively. Frequency doubled light from the same laser pulses was optically delayed between 2 ns and 136 ns and used as illumination source for photography. Since the individual events were well reproducible, the shock wave position and bubble wall position could be determined as a function of time. From the slope of these r(t) curves, the shock wave and bubble wall velocities were determined. The shock wave pressure p(r) was calculated from the shock velocity using the `jump conditions' of the shock front and the equation of state of water. The collateral effects of intraocular microsurgery can thus be considerably reduced by using ps-pulses, and with series of ps-pulses a `laser scalpel' may be realized which offers new applications of photodisruption.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.147544},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 1993}
}

@article{Pan1993,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Du, C.W. and Liu, X.D. and Li, Z.G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Wavelength dependence of the faraday effect and magneto-birefringence in ferrofluid thin films.},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {73},
   number = {10},
   pages = {6139-6141},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Abel1992,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Lorenz, B. and Obana, A. and Vogel, Alfred and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Problems of clinical application of diode lasers.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {157-163},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1992,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Selektiver Verschluss okularer Neovaskularisationen durch photodynamische Therapie (PDT)},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {89},
   number = {5},
   pages = {391-4},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has successfully been used to induce vascular occlusion via endothelial damage and subsequent thrombosis. To increase the selective of this method for neovascularizations, characteristics in the ultrastructure of the proliferative vessel wall allow physiological vessels to be spared and predominantly neovascularizations to be occluded: (a) Due to the disturbance of the blood-retina barrier, free dye molecules accumulate within the vascular wall. Using a dye with prolonged retention, such as phthalocyanine (CASPc), it is possible to thrombose neovascularizations 24 h post injection while leaving the physiological vasculature of the anterior segment of the rabbit eye unaffected. (b) Proliferating endothelial cells express high numbers of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. Chlorin e6 (Ce6), a potent photosensitizer, is covalently bound to LDL. Intravascularly, ce6-LDL complexes selectively label neovascular walls. Since ce6-LDL is incorporated intracellular into enzymatically active lysosomes, photothrombosis is effectively achieved at low drug and light doses in vivo. In addition, the induced damage is spatially confined to the inner vascular lining. We conclude that carrier-mediated PDT may offer a new and sensitive approach for selective treatment of intraocular neovascularizations.},
   keywords = {Animals
Blood-Retinal Barrier/drug effects/physiology
Cell Division/drug effects/physiology
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/pathology
*Photochemotherapy
Rabbits
Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1304219},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Temperature profiles in human retina and choroid during laser coagulation with different wavelengths ranging from 514 to 810 nm.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {1},
   pages = {9-16},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Roider,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. A. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Response of the retinal pigment epithelium to selective photocoagulation},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {110},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1786-92},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Multiple short argon laser pulses can coagulate the retinal pigment epithelium selectively, while sparing the adjacent neural retina and choroid; in contrast, continuous-wave laser irradiation typically damages the neural retina and choroid. The healing response to selective photocoagulation of the retinal pigment epithelium was studied in rabbits during a period of 4 weeks. The lesions were never visible ophthalmoscopically. During the healing period, the epithelium was reformed by a single sheet of hypertrophic retinal pigment epithelial cells. In contrast to continuous-wave photocoagulation, only minimal inflammatory response was found. Retinal pigment epithelial cells showed clear signs of viability, eg, phagocytized outer segments. The local edema in the photoreceptor layer and subretinal space found in the early stage disappeared when the blood-retinal barrier was reestablished. The choriocapillaris remained unaffected. No subsequent damage to the photoreceptors was found. This type of photocoagulation may be useful for retinal pigment epithelium-related diseases, eg, diffuse diabetic macular edema.},
   keywords = {Animals
Biopsy
Chinchilla
Fluorescein Angiography
Fundus Oculi
Laser Surgery
*Light Coagulation
Microscopy, Electron
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/radiation effects/*surgery
Statistics
Time Factors
Wound Healing},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Schmidt,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The influence of wavelength on the laser power required for retinal photocoagulation in cataractous human eyes.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {69-78},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Obana1992,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Gässler, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The therapeutic range of chorioretinal photocoagulation with diode and argon lasers:an experimental comparison},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {147-156},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Ren1992,
   author = {Ren, Q. and Venugopalan, V. and Schomacker, K. and Deutsch, T. F. and Flotte, T. J. and Puliafito, C. A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mid-infrared laser ablation of the cornea: a comparative study},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-81},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The ablation thresholds and patterns of collateral damage in cornea produced by Er:YAG (2.94 microns) and Er:YSGG (2.79 microns) lasers were measured. Two different pulse durations, 200 microseconds (normal spiking mode) and 100 ns (Q-switched mode), were used at both wavelengths. In the normal spiking mode, damage zones of 16 +/- 2 microns and 39 +/- 7 microns and ablation thresholds of 250 +/- 20 mJ/cm2 and 420 +/- 35 mJ/cm2 were measured at 2.94 microns and 2.79 microns, respectively. In the Q-switched mode, damage zones of 4 +/- 2 microns and ablation thresholds of 150 +/- 10 mJ/cm2 were found irrespective of the laser used. The similarity between the results using the Er:YAG and Er:YSGG lasers in the Q-switched mode suggest that either laser can be used with equal effectiveness for corneal trephination.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Cornea/pathology/*surgery
*Light Coagulation/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1508021},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Jungnickel1992,
   author = {Jungnickel, K and Rein, S and Vogel, A},
   title = {Untersuchungen zur Plasmabildung bei der Nd: YAG-Laserchirurgie: Katarakt},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {89},
   number = {4},
   pages = {283-287},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1992,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Bauman, W. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gragoudas, E. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photosensitizing Potency of Benzoporphyrin Derivative (Bpd) Associated with Human Low-Density-Lipoprotein (Ldl)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1253-1253},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13502796},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gekeler,
   author = {Gekeler, V. and Frese, G. and Noller, A. and Handgretinger, R. and Wilisch, A. and Schmidt, H. and Muller, C. P. and Dopfer, R. and Klingebiel, T. and Diddens, H. and et al.},
   title = {Mdr1/P-glycoprotein, topoisomerase, and glutathione-S-transferase pi gene expression in primary and relapsed state adult and childhood leukaemias},
   journal = {Br J Cancer},
   volume = {66},
   number = {3},
   pages = {507-17},
   note = {Gekeler, V
Frese, G
Noller, A
Handgretinger, R
Wilisch, A
Schmidt, H
Muller, C P
Dopfer, R
Klingebiel, T
Diddens, H
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Cancer. 1992 Sep;66(3):507-17.},
   abstract = {In a variety of adult and childhood leukaemia cell samples collected at different states of the disease, we analysed in a series of sequentially performed slot-blot or Northern-blot hybridisation experiments the expression of genes possibly involved in multiple drug resistance (MDR) (mdr1/P-glycoprotein, DNA topoisomerase II, glutathione-S-transferase pi), and the expression of the DNA topoisomerase I and histone 3.1 genes. Occasionally, P-glycoprotein gene expression was additionally examined by indirect immunocytofluorescence using the monoclonal antibody C219. No significant difference in mdr1/P-glycoprotein mRNA levels between primary and relapsed state acute lymphocytic leukaemias (ALL) was seen on average. Second or third relapses, however, showed a distinct tendency to an elevated expression of this multidrug transporter gene (up to 10-fold) in part well beyond the value seen in the moderately cross-resistant T-lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM subline CCRF VCR 100. Increased mdr1/P-glycoprotein mRNA levels were also found in relapsed state acute myelogenous leukaemias (AML), and in chronic lymphocytic leukaemias (CLL) treated with chlorambucil and/or prednisone for several years. Topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II mRNA levels were found to be very variable. Whereas in all but one case of CLL topoisomerase II mRNA was not detected by slot-blot hybridizations, strong topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II gene expression levels, frequently exceeding the levels monitored in the CCRF-CEM cell line, were seen in many cell samples of acute leukaemia. If topoisomerase II mRNA was undetectable, expression of topoisomerase I was clearly visible throughout. These observations might be valuable considering the possible treatment with specific topoisomerase I or topoisomerase II inhibitors. Significant positive correlations were found (i) for topoisomerase I and histone 3.1 gene expression levels in general (P less than 0.001), and (ii) in the CLL samples additionally for the expression levels of the mdr1 gene, and the histone 3.1, topoisomerase I, and glutathione-S-transferase pi genes, respectively.},
   keywords = {Adult
Child
DNA Probes
DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/ genetics
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/ genetics
Drug Resistance/ genetics
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Gene Expression/ genetics
Glutathione Transferase/ genetics
Histones/ genetics
Humans
Leukemia/drug therapy/ genetics
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
Membrane Glycoproteins/ genetics
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
P-Glycoprotein
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy/genetics
RNA, Messenger/ analysis
RNA, Neoplasm/ analysis
Tumor Cells, Cultured},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Roider1992,
   author = {Roider, J. and Troccoli, J. and Anderson, R. R. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Microvasculature Occlusion by Repetitive Short Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {722-722},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500151},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wetzel1992,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser Sclerostomy Abexterno Using the Erbium-Yag Laser and a New Application System},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1018-1018},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13501637},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weaver1992,
   author = {Weaver, Y. K. and Lin, C. P. and Schuman, S. and Woods, W. J. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Experimental Iridotomy with a Picosecond Neodymium-Ag Laser},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1265-1265},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13502854},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Jungnickel1992,
   author = {Jungnickel, K. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Efficiency of bursts in intraocular Nd: YAG laser surgery},
   journal = {Lasers and Light in Ophthalmology},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {95 - 99},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Lin1992,
   author = {Lin, C. P. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Effects of Single and Multiple Picosecond Laser-Pulses on Rpe Cells},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {721-721},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:1},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500148},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1992,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Eckert, K. G. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Dye-Enhanced Diode-Laser Photocoagulation Using Continuous Injection of Indocyanine Green},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {721-721},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500144},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Diddens-1992,
   author = {Diddens, H.},
   title = {Role of multidrug resistance in photodynamic therapy},
   editor = {Thomas, J. Dougherty},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {1645},
   pages = {115-123},
year = { 1992},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60934}

}

@article{Vogel1991,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Dlugos, C. and Nuffer, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical properties of human sclera, and their consequences for transscleral laser applications},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {11},
   number = {4},
   pages = {331-40},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The spectral dependence of the optical properties of human sclera adjacent to the limbus was investigated and related to the potentials of transscleral photocoagulation. The total transmission, absorption, and reflection, as well as the angular distribution of the transmitted and reflected light were measured at five laser wavelengths (442 nm, 514 nm, 633 nm, 804 nm, and 1,064 nm), both for noncontact and contact applications. Absorption and scattering coefficients were determined using the Kubelka-Munk model for light propagation through a scattering tissue. The scleral transmission is only 6% at 442 nm but increases to 35% at 804 nm and to 53% at 1,064 nm. The absorption is high at short wavelengths with 40% at 442 nm but it is only 6% at 804 nm and 1,064 nm. The reflection is generally higher than 40% and shows little wavelength dependence. The transmitted light is scattered diffusely at short wavelengths, but at 804 nm and 1,064 nm it exhibits a fairly narrow angular distribution in forward direction. Fiber contact leads to an increase of transmission, with a factor of 3.5 at 442 nm, of 2.0 at 804 nm, and 1.5 at 1,064 nm. Our results indicate that the diode laser (804 nm) and the Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) with contact delivery are best suited for transscleral photocoagulation.},
   keywords = {Absorption
Humans
Lasers/*therapeutic use
Light
Optics
Scattering, Radiation
Sclera/*anatomy & histology/physiology},
   year = {1991}
}

@article{Macfarlane1991,
   author = {Macfarlane, R. and Teramura, A. and Owen, C. J. and Chase, S. and de la Torre, R. and Gregory, K. W. and Peterson, J. W. and Birngruber, R. and Parrish, J. A. and Zervas, N. T.},
   title = {Treatment of vasospasm with a 480-nm pulsed-dye laser},
   journal = {J Neurosurg},
   volume = {75},
   number = {4},
   pages = {613-22},
   note = {0022-3085 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Laser energy at a wavelength of 480 nm was applied in 1-microseconds pulses of 3 to 10 mJ to two models of vasospasm. Rabbit common carotid arteries (CCA's) were constricted chronically by the application of human blood within a silicone sheath. Peak vasospasm developed 24 to 48 hours later, and persisted for up to 6 days. Endovascular laser treatment was delivered to 40 CCA's via a 200-microns diameter silica quartz fiber introduced through the femoral artery. The CCA caliber increased from 60% of the pre-vasospasm control diameter to a minimum post-laser diameter of 83% of control. No instances of laser-induced perforation or of arterial thrombosis were observed for up to 60 days after treatment. Prophylactic laser application to nine normal vessels was able to attenuate the development of vasospasm if blood was applied immediately thereafter (88% vs. 59% of control diameter, p less than 0.02), but not if blood was applied 7 days later. Studies in 16 normal CCA's established that there was a considerable margin between the laser energy required to induce dilatation and that which caused perforation, providing that the fiber remained relatively central within the artery. Morphological examination demonstrated focal loss of endothelial cells immediately after laser application, followed approximately 7 days later by the development of areas of intimal hyperplasia. Only minimal changes were observed in the medial or adventitial layers. In a second study, the basilar artery of seven dogs was constricted chronically by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood 3 days apart. Five dogs received endovascular laser treatment 7 or 10 days after the first injection, when basilar artery diameter was reduced to a mean of 61% and 77% of control, respectively. Immediately following treatment, basilar artery diameter increased to 104% and 102% of resting diameter, respectively. Both untreated and laser-treated arteries were smaller than the control diameter at 30 days (80% and 82%, respectively), but in each group the vasodilatory response to hypercapnia was preserved. These findings indicate that 1-microsecond laser pulses are well tolerated by systemic and cerebral arteries in two different animal models, and suggest that the 480-nm pulsed-dye laser may have an application for the treatment or prophylaxis of cerebral vasospasm.},
   keywords = {Animals
Basilar Artery/surgery
Carotid Arteries/surgery/ultrastructure
Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology/*surgery
Chronic Disease
Constriction, Pathologic/surgery
Dogs
Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Light Coagulation
Rabbits
Spasm/pathology/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1885979},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1991,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Hasan, T. and Schomacker, K. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Vessel Occlusion by Photochemically-Induced Thrombogenesis},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1162-1162},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76202419},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1991,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Damage of the Rpe by Repetitive Laser-Pulses - Healing Studies in Rabbits},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {713-713},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76200240},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hefetz1991,
   author = {Hefetz, Y. and Roider, J. and Puliafito, C. A. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Low Repetition Rate Picosecond Photodisruption in Ocular Structures},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {798-798},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76200642},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Doukas1991,
   author = {Doukas, A.G. and Zweig, A.D. and Frisoli, J.K. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.},
   title = {Non-invasive determination of shock wave pressure generated by optical breakdown.},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {53},
   pages = {237-245},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weaver1991,
   author = {Weaver, Y. K. and Lin, C. P. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Intraocular Photoablation by a High Repetition Rate Picosecond Nd-Yag Laser},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1224-1224},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76202720},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Teramura1991,
   author = {Teramura, A. and Macfarlane, R. and Owen, C. J. and de la Torre, R. and Gregory, K. W. and Birngruber, R. and Parrish, J. A. and Peterson, J. W. and Zervas, N. T.},
   title = {Application of the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser to the treatment of experimental cerebral vasospasm},
   journal = {J Neurosurg},
   volume = {75},
   number = {2},
   pages = {271-6},
   note = {0022-3085 (Print)
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Laser energy of 480 nm was applied in 1-microsecond pulses varying between 2.2 and 10 mJ to in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral vasospasm. First, the pulsed-dye laser was applied intravascularly via a 320-microns fiber to basilar artery segments from six dogs. The segments were mounted in a vessel-perfusion apparatus and constricted to, on average, 70% of resting diameter by superfusion with dog hemolysate. Immediate increase in basilar artery diameter occurred to a mean of 83% of control. In a second model, the basilar artery was exposed transclivally in the rabbit. In three normal animals, superfusion of the artery with rabbit hemolysate resulted in a reduction of mean vessel diameter to 81% of control. Following extravascular application of the laser, vessels returned to an average of 106% of the resting state. In six rabbits, the basilar artery was constricted by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood. 3 days apart. Two to 4 days after the second injection, the basilar artery was exposed. Extravascular laser treatment from a quartz fiber placed perpendicular to the vessel adventitia resulted in an immediate 53% average increase in caliber to an estimated 107% of control. No reconstriction was observed over a period of up to 5 hours. Morphologically, damage to the arterial wall was slight. This preliminary investigation suggests that the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser may be of benefit in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.},
   keywords = {Animals
Basilar Artery/surgery/ultrastructure
Dogs
Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
Female
Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Male
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Rabbits
Vasodilation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2072166},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1991,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Microcoagulation of the fundus. Experimental results of repeated laser pulse exposure]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {88},
   number = {5},
   pages = {473-6},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Angiographically visible lesions were produced in the fundus of rabbit eyes with repetitive 5 microseconds pulses and continuous wave exposures with 50-ms to 1-s pulse duration from an modified argon laser (514 nm). The ophthalmoscopic and the fluorescein angiographic findings showed less damage in the neural retina and the choroid after repetitively pulsed irradiation. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the neural retina and the choroid can mostly be spared by using repetitive 5 microseconds pulses, even though the damage to the retinal pigment epithelium is similar to the damage caused by continuous wave irradiation. Possible clinical applications, e.g. for macular edema and central serous retinopathy, are discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Light Coagulation/*adverse effects
Microscopy, Electron
Ophthalmoscopy
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/*injuries/pathology
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1757035},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Latina,
   author = {Latina, M. A. and Dobrogowski, M. and March, W. F. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy by pulsed-dye laser and goniolens},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1745-50},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {We describe an ab-interno laser sclerostomy procedure using the method termed dye-enhanced ablation with a slit-lamp delivery system and special goniolens such that only the laser light beam penetrates the anterior chamber. The procedure uses a microsecond-pulsed-dye laser emitting at 666 nm and iontophoresis of methylene blue dye (absorption of 668 nm) into the sclera at the limbus to enhance the absorption of the laser light. We compared the number of pulses needed to perforate excised human sclera at pulse durations of 1.5, 20, and 300 microseconds. Pulse durations of 1.5 and 20 microseconds required 20 pulses or fewer to perforate excised human sclera with pulse energies of 75 to 100 mJ. The ab-interno laser sclerostomy procedure was performed in 54 eyes of Dutch-belted rabbits with pulse durations of 1.5 or 20 microseconds and a 100- or 200-microns incident spot diameter delivered using a CGF goniolens. Full-thickness fistulas were successfully created at both pulse durations in approximately 80% of eyes treated. A range of three to 25 pulses was required to perforate sclera with slightly fewer pulses and lower pulse energies at 1.5 microseconds compared with 20 microseconds. There were no significant complications from the procedure. This technique could permit filtration surgery to be performed on an outpatient basis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Humans
Iontophoresis
*Laser Surgery
Methylene Blue/administration & dosage
*Optics
Rabbits
Sclera/pathology/radiation effects
Sclerostomy/instrumentation/*methods},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Vogel1990,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Wirkungsmechanismen, Schadensreichweite und Reduzierung von Nebenwirkungen bei der intraokularen Nd:YAG-Laserchirurgie},
   journal = {Fortschritte der Ophthalmologie},
   volume = {87},
   number = {6},
   pages = {675-687},
   keywords = {Oeil pathologie
Animal
Prévention
Physiopathologie
Complication
In vitro
Cornée
Oeil
Néodyme
Laser YAG
Laser
Chirurgie},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Kimming,
   author = {Kimmig, A. and Gekeler, V. and Neumann, M. and Frese, G. and Handgretinger, R. and Kardos, G. and Diddens, H. and Niethammer, D.},
   title = {Susceptibility of multidrug-resistant human leukemia cell lines to human interleukin 2-activated killer cells},
   journal = {Cancer Res},
   volume = {50},
   number = {21},
   pages = {6793-9},
   note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Nov 1},
   abstract = {Considering the possibility to overcome drug resistance by other treatment strategies than chemotherapy we investigated the susceptibility of three independently selected multidrug-resistant sublines of the T-lymphoblastoid leukemic cell line CCRF-CEM to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. We found that two of the multidrug-resistant sublines were significantly less susceptible targets to LAK cells. A third one, however, was as susceptible as the parental CCRF-CEM cell line. Moreover, a multidrug-resistant subline that reverted to an almost drug-sensitive phenotype was observed to be also revertant for resistance against LAK cells. We found an inverse relationship between the expression of the mdr1 gene (P-glycoprotein) and the susceptibility to LAK cells. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, while increasing the drug sensitivity of a multidrug-resistant subline, did not induce a reversal of the suppression of LAK susceptibility. The possibility of enhanced resistance to LAK cells of multidrug-resistant cells should be taken into account when one is looking for therapy strategies to overcome multidrug resistance.},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Balles1990,
   author = {Balles, M. W. and Puliafito, C. A. and Damico, D. J. and Jacobson, J. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Semiconductor Diode-Laser Photocoagulation in Retinal Vascular-Disease},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {97},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1553-1561},
   note = {Eg630
Times Cited:32
Cited References Count:22},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1990EG63000032},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{LaMuraglia1990,
   author = {LaMuraglia, GM. and Prince, MR. and Nishioka, NS. and S., Obremski and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical Properties of Human Arterial Thrombus, Vascular Grafts, and Sutures: Implications for Selective Laser Thrombus Ablation.},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2200-2206},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Chaudry1990,
   author = {Chaudhry, H. W. and Kochevar, I. E. and Schomacker, K. T. and Cooke, J. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gregory, K. W.},
   title = {Laser-Induced Vasorelaxation - an Action Spectrum from 337 Nm to 630 Nm},
   journal = {Circulation},
   volume = {82},
   number = {4},
   pages = {408-408},
   note = {Suppl. S
Ec764
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0009-7322},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1990EC76401635},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1990,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Intraocular Nd:YAG Laser Surgery: Damage Mechanism, Damage Range and Reduction of Collateral Effects.},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2240-2260},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Birngruber1990,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Introduction to the Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12},
   pages = {2146-2147},
   note = {Ey439
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0018-9197},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1990EY43900015},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Doukas1990,
   author = {Doukas, A.G. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.},
   title = {Determination of the Shock Wave Pressures Generated by Laser-Induced Breakdown in Water.},
   journal = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {1202},
   pages = {61-70},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Prince1990,
   author = {Prince, M.R. and LaMuraglia, G.M. and C.E., Seidlitz and Prahl, S.A. and Athanasoulis, C.A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ball-Tipped Fibers for Laser Angioplasty with the Pulsed-Dye Laser},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2297-2304,},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Ren1990,
   author = {Ren, Q. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Axicon: A New Laser Beam Delivery System for Corneal Surgery},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2200-2206},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1990,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Mechanism of action, scope of the damage and reduction of side effects in intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {87},
   number = {6},
   pages = {675-87},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The damage mechanisms of intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery and their respective damage ranges were investigated in vitro using bovine cornea specimens as a model tissue. The main damage mechanisms are plasma formation and expansion, emission of acoustic transients, and cavitation with jet formation. When a sequence of laser pulses is applied, the interaction of the acoustic transients with gas bubbles remaining from preceding laser exposures is also important. To distinguish the effects caused by the different physical mechanisms, laser pulses were aimed directly onto the corneal endothelium, and parallel to the cornea at various distances. Simultaneously, the cavitation bubble size was determined. The surface morphology and sections of the same lesions were studied by light and electron microscopy. The primary surgical mechanism is tissue evaporation by the laser plasma, whereas the collateral damage from single laser pulses is mainly caused by the cavitation and jet formation. The damage range after a 4-mJ laser pulse is 0.8 mm which is slightly larger than the corresponding cavitation bubble radius. The damage range of the acoustic transients produced by a 4-mJ laser pulse is several millimeters, when they can interact with small gas bubbles attached to the corneal endothelium. The damage range of the acoustic transients alone is smaller than that of cavitation as far as damage detected by light and scanning electron microscopy is concerned. However, on a subcellular level the acoustic transients may possibly cause damage up to a much larger distance. The damage range observed varies with the cube root of the laser pulse energy. A reduction of collateral effects therefore requires the use of small pulse energies. For energies of less than 1 mJ, the pulse duration has to be reduced to ensure plasma production. It is proposed to use low-energy picosecond pulses with moderate repetition rate instead of single nanosecond pulses to reduce collateral damage effects.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Endothelium, Corneal/*injuries/pathology
Laser Surgery/*adverse effects/instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2086418},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1989,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gunther-Koszka, H. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Nd:YAG laser photodisruption of hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting membrane},
   journal = {Am J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {107},
   number = {1},
   pages = {33-7},
   note = {0002-9394 (Print)
Case Reports
Journal Article},
   abstract = {We used a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser to create an opening in the internal limiting membrane in three eyes with hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting membrane. In all instances, after membranotomy blood was rapidly cleared from the preretinal space resulting in prompt improvement in visual acuity. No retinal injury was observed. Nd:YAG laser photodisruption may be useful in the treatment of some cases of subinternal limiting hemorrhages.},
   keywords = {Adult
Female
Fundus Oculi
Humans
Lasers/therapeutic use
*Light Coagulation
Male
Middle Aged
Retinal Detachment/pathology/*therapy
Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology/*therapy},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2912113},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1989,
   author = {Ulrich, H. and Wijnaendts-van-Resandt, R. W. and Koop, N. and Schickfuss, M. v and Rensch, C. and Ehrensperger, W.},
   title = {Quality of microstructures produced by laser lithography and system performance},
   journal = {Microelectronic Engineering},
   volume = {9},
   number = {1},
   pages = {69-72},
   ISSN = {0167-9317},
   url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167931789900154},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Zysset1989,
   author = {Zysset, B. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.},
   title = {Picosecond Optical-Breakdown - Tissue Effects and Reduction of Collateral Damage},
   journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine},
   volume = {9},
   number = {3},
   pages = {193-204},
   note = {U7627
Times Cited:72
Cited References Count:36},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1002/lsm.1900090302},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1989U762700001},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Lauterborn, W. and Timm, R.},
   title = {Optical and acoustic investigations of the dynamics of laser-produced cavitation bubbles near a solid boundary},
   journal = {J. Fluid Mech.},
   volume = {206},
   pages = {299 - 338},
   year = {1989}
}

@inbook{Engelhardt-1989,
   author = {Thomas, S;Engelhardt, R;Meyer, W and Pensel, J},
   title = {Evaluation of optical feedback for preventing tissue damage in dye laser lithotripsy},
   booktitle = {Investigative Urology 3},
   publisher = {Springer},
   pages = {262-270},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Book Section}
}

@article{Birngruber1989,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser output characteristics},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {605-11},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article
Review},
   abstract = {Certain aspects of laser radiation play an important role in laser safety. After a short description of basic laser principles, the unique characteristics of laser light are explained in a phenomenological manner. The enormously wide range of laser output parameters is demonstrated and correlated to typical medical laser applications. Temporal and spatial modes of laser operation are explained in greater detail because of their importance in laser safety.},
   keywords = {Humans
*Lasers/adverse effects/diagnostic use/therapeutic use
Technology, Radiologic},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2651357},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Stern1989,
   author = {Stern, D. and Schoenlein, R. W. and Puliafito, C. A. and Dobi, E. T. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G.},
   title = {Corneal Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 and 625 Nm},
   journal = {Archives of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {107},
   number = {4},
   pages = {587-592},
   note = {U0978
Times Cited:108
Cited References Count:39},
   ISSN = {0003-9950},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1989U097800031},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1989,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Lang, G. K.},
   title = {Clinical observations of six cases of laser injury to the eye},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {705-10},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {During the last decade, five patients with laser injuries were examined at the University of Munich Eye Clinic, in addition to one laser-injury patient at the University of Erlangen Eye Clinic. From a review of these cases, it is possible to gain an insight into factors that led to the eye injuries and to predict the clinical sequelae of laser retinal injury. A possible means of treatment, using an ophthalmic Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, is suggested for some types of retinal injury involving vitreal hemorrhage.},
   keywords = {*Accidents, Occupational
Adult
Eye Injuries/*etiology
Female
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects
Male
Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology
Retinal Perforations/etiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2708058},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1989,
   author = {Engelhardt, R;Brinkmann, R and Meyer, W},
   title = {1. mu. s Alexandrit-Laser fuer laserinduzierte Schockwellenlithotripsie},
   journal = {Laser und Optoelektronik},
   volume = {21(6)},
   pages = {56-61},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1988,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Nasemann, J.},
   title = {Fluorescein angiography with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO)},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {2},
   number = {1},
   pages = {35-40},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hube,
   author = {Hube, M and Brinkmann, R and Welling, H and Beigang, R and Wellegehausen, B},
   title = {A Cadmium Photoionization Laser Pumped by Laser Induced Plasma Radiation from a Multi Foci Device},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {45},
   pages = {197-201},
   year = {1988}
}

@article{Vogel1988,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = {Acoustic transient generation by laser-produced cavitation bubbles near solid boundaries},
   journal = {J. Acoust. Soc. Am.},
   volume = {84},
   number = {2},
   pages = {719 - 731},
   year = {1988}
}

@article{Lorenz1988,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Experimental studies of the occlusion of choroid blood vessels by infrared coagulation with reference to tumor therapy]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {6},
   pages = {726-30},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Arteries/surgery
Choroid/*blood supply
Laser Surgery/*methods
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220392},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Heidenkummer1988,
   author = {Heidenkummer, H. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P. and Gao, L. and Tang, S.},
   title = {[Experimental studies of trans-scleral continuous wave Nd:YAG laser coagulation of the ciliary body]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {6},
   pages = {637-41},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Ciliary Body/pathology/*surgery
Intraocular Pressure
Laser Surgery/*methods
Rabbits
Sclera/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220377},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1988,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Nasemann, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Fluorescein Angiography with the Laser-Scanning Ophthalmoscope},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {193},
   number = {4},
   pages = {438-438},
   note = {Q9679
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1988Q967900035},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1988,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Light-Induced Retinal Damage Produced by Equipment Used for Ophthalmological Examination and Treatment},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {192},
   number = {3},
   pages = {265-265},
   note = {M6889
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1988M688900039},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Bahnmüller,
   author = {Bahnmüller, U. and Keller-Schierlein, W. and Brandl, M. and Zähner, H. and Diddens, H.},
   title = {Metabolites of Microorganisms},
   journal = {J. Antibiot.},
   volume = {1988},
   number = {1552 - 1560},
   pages = {8},
   note = {Journal Article
},
   year = {1988}
}

@article{Birngruber1988,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Principles of Ophthalmological Laser Applications},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {192},
   number = {3},
   pages = {264-264},
   note = {M6889
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1988M688900037},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1988,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Schoenlein, R. W. and Lin, W. Z. and Gawande, A.},
   title = {[Retinal effects produced by femotosecond laser pulse]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {6},
   pages = {699-704},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Lasers/*adverse effects
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220388},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Engelhardt1988,
   author = {Thomas, S;Pensel, J;Engelhardt, R;Meyer, W and Hofstetter, A G},
   title = {The pulsed dye laser versus the Q‐switched Nd: YAG laser in laser‐induced shock‐wave lithotripsy},
   journal = {Lasers in surgery and medicine},
keywords = {endoscopy, flashlamp pumped dye laser, laser lithotripsy, Nd:YAG laser optical, fibers, spectroscopy, urinary calculi},
   volume = {8(4)},
  
   pages = {363-370},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1988,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Nasemann, J.},
   title = {[The scanning laser ophthalmoscope and its use as a fluorescein angiography instrument]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {5},
   pages = {569-73},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Child
Fluorescein Angiography/*instrumentation
Humans
Lasers/*diagnostic use
Macular Degeneration/diagnosis
Male
*Ophthalmoscopes
Retinal Diseases/*diagnosis},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3224934},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = {Time-resolved particle image velocimetry used in the investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics},
   journal = {Applied Optics},
   volume = {27},
   number = {09},
   pages = {1869 -1876},
   year = {1988}
}

@article{Gabel1987,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Retinal photocoagulation with different wavelength},
   journal = {Folia Ophthalmol Jpn},
   volume = {38},
   pages = {1660-1669},
   year = {1987},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1987,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Retinal temperature stabilization based on choroid circulation]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {84},
   number = {1},
   pages = {92-5},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
*Body Temperature Regulation
Choroid/*blood supply
*Laser Surgery
Rabbits
Retina/*physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3583190},
   year = {1987},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A. and Gawande, A. and Lin, W. Z. and Schoenlein, R. W. and Fujimoto, J. G.},
   title = {Femtosecond Laser Tissue Interactions: Retinal Injury Studies},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {23},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1836-1844},
   year = {1987}
}

@article{Gabel1987,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Kozma, M. and Zink, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Behavior of postoperative intraocular pressure following iridectomy and capsulotomy using a neodymium:YAG laser with reference to the effect of indomethacin]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {84},
   number = {1},
   pages = {76-9},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {*Cataract Extraction
Glaucoma/*surgery
Humans
Indomethacin/*therapeutic use
Intraocular Pressure/*drug effects
Iris/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Ocular Hypertension/drug therapy
Postoperative Complications/drug therapy},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3583187},
   year = {1987},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Hentschel, W. and Holzfuss, J. and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = {Cavitation Bubble Dynamics and Acoustic Transient Generation in Ocular Surgery with Pulsed Neodymium: YAG Lasers},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {93},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1259 -1269},
   year = {1986}
}

@article{Gabel1986,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B.},
   title = {Clinical relevance of a dosage device for laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {Klin Monbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {188},
   number = {4},
   pages = {263-5},
   note = {Gabel, V P
Birngruber, R
Lorenz, B
GERMANY, WEST
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1986 Apr;188(4):263-5.},
   abstract = {Fundus reflectometry constitutes a procedure with which dosage can be precisely regulated during the coagulation process. During retinal coagulation, for example, it is possible with this method to administer coagulations of uniform intensity regardless of variations in either the quality of the fundus image or the absorption of the pigmented structures. This can be useful for coagulation procedures which have to be confined for the most part to the pigment epithelium, as for example in the treatment of central serous retinopathy or in panretinal photocoagulation, where the functional therapeutic principle is still not clearly understood. Another area of application for reflectometric laser coagulation will be laser trabeculoplasty, in which barely detectable lesions have to be placed in the trabecular meshwork.},
   keywords = {*Computers
Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery
Humans
*Laser Therapy
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/surgery
Retinal Detachment/surgery
Retinal Diseases/*surgery
Retinal Vein/surgery
Trabecular Meshwork/surgery
AutoPhoN},
   ISSN = {0023-2165 (Print)
0023-2165 (Linking)},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-2008-1050625},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3723965},
   year = {1986},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1986,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Ganson, N. and Stein, H. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[CW neodymium: YAG laser photocoagulation of the rabbit fundus--effect on the choroid and sclera in comparison to argon laser photocoagulation]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {83},
   number = {4},
   pages = {436-40},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Choroid/*injuries
Laser Surgery/*methods
Neodymium
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
Sclera/*injuries},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3770614},
   year = {1986},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A},
   title = {Vergleich zweier empfindlicher Speckle-Meßtechniken angewandt auf Verformungsmessungen an Zähnen},
   journal = {Optik},
   volume = {72},
   pages = {95-101},
   note = {Journal Article},
   year = {1986}
}

@article{Hiemer1985,
   author = {Hiemer, H. and Hutter, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Retinal damage in neodymium:YAG laser surgery in the area of the vitreous body]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {5},
   pages = {447-9},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Microscopy, Electron
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
Vitreous Body/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4076966},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hutter1985,
   author = {Hutter, H. and Hiemer, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Thermal neodymium:YAG laser effects on the retina]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {5},
   pages = {443-6},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/injuries
Lasers/*adverse effects
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries/pathology
Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4076965},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Theoretical investigations of laser thermal retinal injury},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {48},
   number = {6},
   pages = {781-96},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {A thermal damage model including heat conduction for retinal lesions is described to explain thermal threshold damage and compare it to experimental values in the regime of 1 ms to 300 ms. With the aid of these model calculations unspecific thermal damage (denaturation of proteins) could be separated from thermally induced damage to the photoreceptors. Furthermore, the thermal model allows an extrapolation to hazards to the fundus from intense light irradiation that have not been investigated experimentally.},
   keywords = {Animals
Eye Proteins
Heat/*adverse effects
Lasers/*adverse effects
Macaca
Mathematics
Models, Biological
Protein Denaturation
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries},
   year = {1985}
}

@article{Vogel1985,
   author = {Vogel, A and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = { Ein Raumfrequenzfilterungsverfahren zur Untersuchung der Strömung um Kavitationsblasen},
   journal = {Optik},
   volume = {69},
   number = {4},
   pages = {176-179},
   note = {Journal Article},
   year = {1985}
}

@article{Gabel1985,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Neubauer, L. and Zink, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ocular Side-Effects Following Neodymium - Yag Laser Irradiation},
   journal = {International Ophthalmology Clinics},
   volume = {25},
   number = {3},
   pages = {137-149},
   note = {Asd03
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:16},
   ISSN = {0020-8167},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1097/00004397-198502530-00011},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1985ASD0300010},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Neubauer1985,
   author = {Neubauer, L. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Corneal endothelial changes in anterior capsulotomy and postcataract membranotomy with the neodymium:YAG laser]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {1},
   pages = {80-2},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Cataract Extraction/*adverse effects/methods
Cornea/*injuries/pathology
Endothelium/pathology
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3997004},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1985,
   author = {Vogel, A and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = { Ein Raumfrequenzfilterungsverfahren zur Untersuchung der Strömung um Kavitationsblasen},
   journal = {Optik},
   volume = {69},
   number = {4},
   pages = {176-179},
   note = {Journal Article},
   year = {1985}
}

@article{Gabel1984,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lachenmayr, B.},
   title = {Ist der Krypton-Laser anderen Lichtquellen zur Koagulation der Netzhaut überlegen?},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {81},
   pages = {150-153},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1984,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B.},
   title = {The change in light reflection of the retina during therapeutic laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {20},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1481-1489},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Yoshimoto1984,
   author = {Yoshimoto, H. and Kampik, A. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Vitreous morphology after carbon dioxide laser irradiation},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {221},
   number = {6},
   pages = {276-81},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The immediate vitreous changes produced by a continuous-wave carbon-dioxide laser beam in freshly enucleated bovine and pig eyes were studied by gross examination with a dissecting microscope, and histopathologically by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The lesions produced by the laser beam on the vitreous in an air tissue interface technique were remarkable for their ring-shaped vitreous condensations. The diameter and density of these condensations increased with irradiance. With the same irradiation parameters the lesions at the anterior hyaloid membranes showed greater size and density than those in the central area of the vitreous. These vitreous condensations were demonstrated to consist of heat-denatured collagen fibrils. For light microscopic evaluation of the vitreous a modified method of tissue processing according to Szent Gyorgi has proven optimal in reducing vitreous shrinkage from dehydration. This method of fixation and tissue processing appeared to be useful in evaluating lesions of the vitreous and their relationship to their surroundings.},
   keywords = {Animals
Carbon Dioxide
Cattle
Histological Techniques
*Lasers
Microscopy, Electron
Swine
Vitreous Body/anatomy & histology/*radiation effects/ultrastructure},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6434376},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1984,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Die Lichtbelastung unbehandelter Netzhautareale bei der Photokoagulation},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {81},
   number = {2},
   pages = {147-9},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Humans
Light Coagulation/*adverse effects
Retina/*injuries},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6735303},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Scheiffarth1984,
   author = {Scheiffarth, O. F. and Ludwig, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and von Meyer, L.},
   title = {Chemical studies of intraocular lenses after experimental generation of lesions by a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {222},
   number = {1},
   pages = {43-4},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {It is theoretically possible that lesions generated by a Q-switched Nd-YAG laser could lead to chemical changes in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lenses. These changes could be of clinical relevance. Therefore, we measured the residual monomer content of intraocular lenses before and after generation of lesions by means of a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser. Despite the explosive destruction of the lens surface caused by this type of laser, there is no measurable release of monomer in the sense of a depolymerization of the PMMA material, even when over 100 lesions are generated. The lesions generated on intraocular PMMA lenses with the Nd-YAG laser are predominantly of a mechanical nature and include the chipping away of small particles from the intraocular lens.},
   keywords = {Lasers/*adverse effects
*Lenses, Intraocular
Methylmethacrylates/*radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6510725},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1984,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Augengefährdung durch Lasereffekte in Diskotheken},
   journal = {Sozialpädiatrie Prax Klin},
   volume = {6},
   number = {9},
   pages = {487-494},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Weinberg, W. and Greite, J. H. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Complications in laser coagulation with the panfunduscope]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {5},
   pages = {434-7},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography/adverse effects/*instrumentation
Humans
Iris/injuries
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens Nucleus, Crystalline/injuries
Lens, Crystalline/injuries
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6873800},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Experimental studies of laser thermal retinal injury},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {44},
   number = {5},
   pages = {519-31},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {In damage tests conducted on rabbit and monkey eyes, the threshold values for retinal damage resulting from different laser radiation were determined. The reproduction of the "worst-case" situation was ensured by the test apparatus. All physical parameters, such as power/energy, exposure time, and retinal spot, were carefully controlled. Probit analysis showed a very precise determination of the threshold values based on ophthalmoscopical visibility. The attempt of a simple physical interpretation of the thresholds leads to contradictions in major points, so a detailed calculation of damage functions and thermal model calculations are necessary.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Macaca
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
AutoPhoN},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6853172},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Diddens,
   author = {Diddens, H. and Niethammer, D. and Jackson, R. C.},
   title = {Patterns of cross-resistance to the antifolate drugs trimetrexate, metoprine, homofolate, and CB3717 in human lymphoma and osteosarcoma cells resistant to methotrexate},
   journal = {Cancer Res},
   volume = {43},
   number = {11},
   pages = {5286-92},
   note = {Diddens, H
Niethammer, D
Jackson, R C
CA 18129/CA/NCI NIH HHS/
Cancer Res. 1983 Nov;43(11):5286-92.},
   abstract = {Methotrexate (MTX)-resistant sublines of malignant human cells were selected in vitro by stepwise increase in drug concentration in the medium. By this procedure a subline of Burkitt's lymphoma cells (RAJI) was made 290-fold resistant (RAJI/MTX-R), T-cell leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) were obtained 210-fold resistant (CEM/MTX-R), and 3 MTX-resistant human osteosarcoma lines were selected: TE-85/MTX-R (19-fold resistant; relative to wild-type); MG-63/MTX-R (8-fold resistant); and SAOS-2/MTX-R (200-fold resistant). We also studied a B-cell lymphoblastoid line, WI-L2/m4, that was 13,000-fold resistant. Assay of cellular dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) showed the following pattern of activity in resistant cell lines, relative to parental cell activity: RAJI/MTX-R, 550-fold increased; CEM/MTX-R, unchanged; TE-85/MTX-R, 4-fold increased; MG-63/MTX-R, 6-fold increased; SAOS-2/MTX-R, unchanged; and WI-L2/m4, 110-fold increased. Measurement of MTX membrane transport showed decreased uptake in CEM/MTX-R and SAOS-2/MTX-R, relative to parental cell lines. The other DHFR-overproducing cells all gave normal initial MTX uptake rates but increased total uptake. The DHFR-overproducing lines all had significant cross-resistance to both metoprine and trimetrexate; the two lines with defective MTX transport were not cross-resistant, and the CEM/MTX-R cells showed collateral sensitivity to these agents. Only minor cross-resistance to homofolic acid was found in all MTX-resistant lines. The highly MTX-resistant RAJI/MTX-R and WI-L2/m4 cells showed minor cross-resistance to the dual inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase and DHFR, CB3717 (5- and 15-fold, respectively). These studies demonstrated that, depending upon the mechanism of resistance, MTX-resistant human tumor cells may be effectively killed by antifolates with different routes of uptake into cells, or with a different enzyme target. Thus, there are at least three functionally distinct classes of folate antagonist with antitumor activity.},
   keywords = {Antineoplastic Agents/*toxicity
Biological Transport
Burkitt Lymphoma/drug therapy/metabolism
Cell Line
Drug Resistance
Folic Acid/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
Folic Acid Antagonists/*therapeutic use
Humans
Kinetics
Leukemia, Lymphoid/drug therapy/metabolism
Lymphoma/*drug therapy/metabolism
Methotrexate/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Osteosarcoma/drug therapy/metabolism
Pyrimethamine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use/toxicity
Quinazolines/therapeutic use/toxicity
Structure-Activity Relationship
T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
Trimetrexate},
   year = {1983}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Thermal versus photochemical damage in the retina--thermal calculations for exposure limits},
   journal = {Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K},
   volume = {103 ( Pt 4)},
   pages = {422-7},
   note = {0078-5334 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Different kinds of damage can be produced by intense light irradiation of the retina. These types of damage can be separated into changes which are induced by photochemical or thermal effects in the tissue. Photochemical damage occurs mainly with intense irradiation of a few seconds or longer whereas thermal effects appear to prevail at irradiation times in the 1 ms to 1000 ms-range. Distinction between photochemical and thermal damage is very difficult because both types of injury appear as disorders in the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer segments of the photoreceptors. A thermal model has therefore been developed which takes into account the light absorption in the different layers of RPE and choroid and allows the calculation of the temporal development of temperature at each site and depth of the fundus. Model calculations are used to correlate exposure parameters (wavelength, irradiance, exposure time etc.) with the resulting temperature profiles. This correlation leads to a better distinction between exposure limits for thermal and photochemical damage of the retina.},
   keywords = {Burns/etiology
Heat/*adverse effects
Humans
Light/*adverse effects
Models, Biological
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/injuries/radiation effects
Retina/*injuries/radiation effects
Temperature},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6600144},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1982,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R and Gabel, V P},
   title = {Automatisch dosierte Photokoagulation zur Erzielung reproduzierbarer Efekte am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {2},
   pages = {155-8},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Disease Models, Animal
Light Coagulation/*methods
Rabbits
Retina/*pathology
Retinal Diseases/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7184835},
   year = {1982},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1982,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and May, S. and Weinberg, W.},
   title = {Die Beeinflussung der Aderhautdurchblutung durch Argonlaserkoagulation. Ein Vergleich zwischen Kaninchen und Affe.},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {2},
   pages = {159-62},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/*blood supply/pathology
Humans
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca mulatta
Rabbits
Radiation Dosage},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6892217},
   year = {1982},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1981,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Functional and Morphological-Studies on the Choroid inside Ring-Shaped Laser Coagulations},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {267-267},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:2
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900044},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Weinberg, W. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Thermal Modeling in Retinal Photo-Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {273-273},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900062},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Gefahren und Schutzmöglichkeiten beim Umgang mit Lasern.},
   journal = {Z prakt Augenheilkd},
   volume = {2},
   number = {1},
   pages = {17-19},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1981,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Kampik, A.},
   title = {Netzhautveränderungen innerhalb von ringförmigen Laserkoagulationen aufgrund von Zirkulationsstörungen in der Aderhaut.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {78},
   pages = {607-611},
   year = {1981},
url ={ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-88589-1_118},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1981,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Gabel, V P and Birngruber, Reginald and Lorenz, B and Müller, W},
   title = {Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Weißfärbung in Korrelation zur Schadensausdehnung bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {78},
   pages = {603-606},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1981,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {A comparative study of threshold laser lesions in the retinae of human volunteers and rabbits},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {40},
   number = {2},
   pages = {238-40},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Adult
Animals
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects
Middle Aged
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7216803},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Der Einfluß der Expositionsparameter auf die Schadensausdehnung bei der Netzhautkoagulation, dargestellt anhand eines thermischen Modells.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {78},
   pages = {599-602},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Ophthalmology as a Pioneer in the Use of Lasers in Medicine},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {178},
   number = {3},
   pages = {229-229},
   note = {Lq030
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981LQ03000039},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1981,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Correlation of the Extent of Lesions with Exposition Parameters in Retinal Photo-Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {273-273},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900061},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1980,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Kain, H.},
   title = {Heat Convection in the Choroid during Laser Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {157-157},
   note = {Ju200
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1980JU20000072},
   year = {1980},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1980,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Nichtionisiernde Strahlung: anwendung, Wirkungen, Schutzmaßnahmen, Strahlenbelastung bei speziellen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Eingriffen, Strahlenexposition bei der Computertomographie},
   journal = {Strahlenschutz Forsch Prax, Sonderdruck},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {57-64},
   note = {0081-5888 (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Eye Injuries/etiology/prevention & control
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects
Occupational Diseases/prevention & control
Rabbits
Radiation Effects
*Radiation Protection},
   year = {1980}
}

@article{Boergen1980,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gorisch, W.},
   title = {Laser-Induced Endovascular Thrombosis as a Possibility of Selective Vessel Closure},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {157-157},
   note = {Ju200
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1980JU20000073},
   year = {1980},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Weinberg1980,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Birngruber, Reginald and Gabel, V P and Kain, H},
   title = {Influence of Choroidal Blood Flow in Retinal Laser Coagulation},
   booktitle = {Proc. 3rd Internat Congress for Laser Surgery, Part II},
   editor = {Kaplan I, Asher PW},
   series = {Laser Surgery},
   publisher = {OT-PAZ},
   pages = {242-243},

}

@inbook{Birngruber1980,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Thermal Modeling in Biological Tissues},
   booktitle = {Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   editor = {Hillenkamp F, Pratesi R, Sacchi CA},
   series = {Nato Advanced Study Institute Series A-Life Sciences},
   address = {New York},
   volume = {34},
   pages = {77-97},
   year = {1980}
}

@article{Birngruber1980,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Kain, H.},
   title = {Der Einfluß der Aderhautdurchblutung auf die Entstehung von thermischen Läsionen am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {77},
   pages = {705-710},
   year = {1980}
}

@inproceedings{Gabel1980,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Comperative Experiments on Laser Threshold in Rabbits and Human Volunteers},
   booktitle = {Proc. 3rd Internat. Congress for Laser Surgery, Part II},
   editor = {Gabler, V P and Birngruber, Reginald},
   series = {Laser Surgery},
   publisher = {OT-PAZ},
   pages = {246-249},

}

@article{Boergen1980,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Göttinger, W.},
   title = {[Possibilities for ocular vessel coagulation (author's transl)]},
   journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {177},
   number = {4},
   pages = {492-9},
   note = {0023-2165 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Present-day possibilities of influencing pathological ocular vessels using an argon laser are presented. A distinction is made here between indirect methods such as area coagulation and direct methods with which specific vessels are treated. Whereas clinical tests involving vessel coagulation with pigmented epithelium absorption have already been carried out more or less successfully, selective vessel coagulation with hemoglobin absorption is still largely at the experimental stage. Our own experiments on animals have shown, however, that with the selection of a suitable coagulation technique and the use of suitable exposure parameters, vessel occlusion can be induced with the argon laser. To achieve this, shortening of the exposure times is particularly necessary.},
   keywords = {Aged
Animals
Diabetic Retinopathy/*surgery
Humans
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Mesentery/blood supply
Middle Aged
Neovascularization, Pathologic
Rats
Retinal Vessels/*radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6166787},
   year = {1980},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Gabel1979,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Physical and Medical Aspects of Laser Safety},
   booktitle = {Laser 79, Opto-Electronics Conference proceedings},
   editor = {Waidlich, W.},
   publisher = {IPC Science and Technology Press Ltd.},
   pages = {6555-6591},
year = { 1979}

}

@article{Gabel1979,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and McCord, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Comparison of temperature measurements and fundus reflectometry in laser coagulation},
   journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {169-73},
   note = {0077-0078 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Color
*Fundus Oculi
*Heat
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Time Factors},
   year = {1979}
}

@article{Boergen1979,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Experimental studies on argon laser coagulation of small blood vessels},
   journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {174-83},
   note = {0077-0078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Arteries/*surgery
Arterioles/*surgery/ultrastructure
Blood Coagulation
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Microscopy/methods
Neovascularization, Pathologic
Rats
Retinal Vessels/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=95029},
   year = {1979},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1979,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birnngruber, R.},
   title = {Klinische Folgerungen aus der Xanthophylleinlagerung in der Netzhautmitte.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {76},
   pages = {475-478},
   year = {1979}
}

@article{Birngruber1979,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Fundusreflektometrie, thermische Modellrechnungen und Temperaturmessungen als Hilfsmittel zur Optimierung der Bestrahlungsparameter bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {76},
   pages = {563-567},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-87151-1_99},
   year = { 1979}
}

@article{Diddens,
   author = {Diddens, H. and Dorgerloh, M. and Zahner, H.},
   title = {Metabolic products of microorganisms. 176. On the transport of small peptide antibiotics in bacteria},
   journal = {J Antibiot (Tokyo)},
   volume = {32},
   number = {1},
   pages = {87-90},
   note = {Diddens, H
Dorgerloh, M
Zahner, H
JAPAN
J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1979 Jan;32(1):87-90.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism
Biological Transport
Escherichia coli/*metabolism
Immunodiffusion
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Mutation
Peptides/*metabolism},
   year = {1979}
}

@article{BGB1979,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Drechsel, E. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Minimal spot size on the retina formed by the optical system of the eye},
   journal = {Int Ophthalmol},
   volume = {1},
   number = {3},
   pages = {175-8},
   note = {0165-5701 (Print)
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {A knowledge of the quality of the ocular optical system is of primary importance in light- and laser-photocoagulation of the fundus. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the minimal spot size of a Helium-Neon laser focused on the retina of rabbits: freshly enucleated eyes were carefully mounted in a specially designed eye holder. A small hole was then trepanized through the sclera and neural retina in the macular region. A minimal spot was produced on the retina and the spot size was measured by scanning the intensity distribution of an enlarged image. It was shown that a diffraction limited spot size can be obtained under certain circumstances. The light scattering out of the focus, however, is about fify percent.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Lasers/therapeutic use
*Ocular Physiology
*Optics
Rabbits
Retina},
   year = {1979}
}

@article{Boergen1979,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Möglichkeiten einer selektiven Gefäßkoagulation am Augenhintergrund - Konsequenzen aus tierexperimentellen Modelluntersuchungen},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {76},
   pages = {561},
   year = {1979},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hillenkamp1979,
   author = {Hillenkamp, F. and R, Birngruber and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Laserschäden an Gewebe und Organen und ihre tierexperimentelle Untersuchung},
   journal = {PBT-OPT},
   volume = {8},
   pages = {93-112},
   year = {1979},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Gabel1978,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Visible and near infrared light absorption in pigment epithelium and choroid.},
   booktitle = {XXIII Concilium Ophthalmologicum},
   editor = {Shimizu, Koichi},
   series = {International Congress Series No. 450},
   pages = {658-662},
year = { 1978},
URL = { https://www.bmo.uni-luebeck.de/fileadmin/files/publications/Gabel__1978_Proc._SPIE_Visible_and_near_infrared_light_absorption_in_pigment_epithelium_and_choroid.pdf}

}

@article{Stefani1978,
   author = {Stefani, F. H. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Q-switched ruby laser induced damage of the adult rabbit lens capsule},
   journal = {Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {206},
   number = {1},
   pages = {49-55},
   note = {0065-6100 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The technique of Q-switched ruby laser induced mechanical destruction of the lens capsule was used to study the reactions of the adult rabbit lens. The defect produced in the anterior lens capsule was larger than the 40-60 micrometer focus, which was due to rolled-up edges of the capsule. Long-term observations revealed some decrease in size of developing localized opacification and a healing of the defect by outgrowing lens epithelium with the formation of a new capsule. The rupture of the posterior capsule led to a slowly progressive opacification with little intraocular macrophage reaction.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens, Crystalline/*injuries/pathology
Macrophages/physiology
Rabbits
Time Factors},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=306208},
   year = {1978},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1978,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and McCord, R. C. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Boergen, K. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Simultanmessung von Temperaturverlauf und Weißfärbungen am Augenhintergrund während Laserkoagulationen},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus Deutsche Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, Bericht über die 75. Zusammenkunft in Heidelberg 1977},
   pages = {411-4},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
*Fundus Oculi
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Methods
Rabbits
*Temperature},
   year = {1978}
}

@article{Welscg1978,
   author = {Welsch, H. and Birngruber, R. and Boergen, K. P. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Spectral light absorption in whole blood with reference to the dispersion]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   number = {75},
   pages = {415},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Blood/*radiation effects
*Light
Scattering, Radiation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=743131},
   year = {1978},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Boergen1978,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Brandl, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[The significance of hemoglobin absorption for selective vascular coagulation]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   number = {75},
   pages = {416-20},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Arteries/*radiation effects
Arterioles/*radiation effects
Hemoglobins/*radiation effects
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Rats},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=570389},
   year = {1978},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lund1977,
   author = {Lund, O. E. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[A colour-television-system for lectures and clinical training in ophthalmology (author's transl)]},
   journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {171},
   number = {2},
   pages = {287-93},
   note = {0023-2165 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {First experiences with a new Colour-TV-System in the University Eye-Clinic Munich are reported. The system is described in detail and special problems of fitting the TV-cameras to the ophthalmological instruments such as operation microscopes, slit lamps and fundus cameras are described.},
   keywords = {Color
*Education, Medical, Graduate
Germany, West
Hospitals, University
Humans
Ophthalmology/*education
*Television},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=916612},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Fundusreflektometrie während Laserkoagulationen},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Opghthalmologischen Gesellschaft},
   pages = {422-7},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Biophysics
Fundus Oculi
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/radiation effects
Rabbits
*Refraction, Ocular},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577766},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Ippi, F.},
   title = {Fernsehanlage in der Augenklinik der Universität München - ein Mittel zur Intensivierung von Forschung und Lehre in der Medizin.},
   journal = {Grundig Techn Info 6, Fernseh- und Kintechn},
   volume = {31/7},
   pages = {245-247},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1977,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Individual differences in light absorption in the fundus oculi in the visible and the infrared spectral region]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {418-21},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Absorption
Fundus Oculi/*physiology
Humans
Infrared Rays
Light},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577765},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Boergen1977,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Intravital microscopic studies on the selective coagulation of small vessels by means of the argon laser]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {428-34},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Capillaries/*surgery
Hematoma/etiology
Hemorrhage/etiology
Lasers/*standards/*therapeutic use
Microscopy
Rats
Thrombosis/etiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577767},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Stefani1977,
   author = {Stefani, F. H. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Lens injuries due to rubin laser giant impulses]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {403-6},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Lens, Crystalline/*injuries
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577762},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Rauhut1977,
   author = {Rauhut, D and Gabel, V P and Birngruber, Reginald and Hillenkamp, F},
   title = {Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen von Neodymlaserläsionen bei Kaninchen},
   journal = {Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft},
   volume = {Sonderdruck},
   pages = {407-12},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Argon
Choroid/radiation effects
Lasers/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Melanocytes
Microscopy, Electron
Sclera/radiation effects},
   year = {1977}
}

@article{Drechsel1977,
   author = {Drechsel, E. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Measurement of the size of the focus in the rabbit]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {413-7},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Biophysics
Eye/*radiation effects
Lasers
Light
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577764},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Stefani, F. H. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Q-switched ruby laser damage of the rabbit eye lens},
   journal = {Adv Ophthalmol},
   volume = {34},
   pages = {158-63},
   note = {0065-3004 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Results on Q-switched ruby laser damage to lenses of Chinchilla grey rabbits are reported. Threshold irradiances of about 10(10)W/cm2 are shown to be necessary for lens damage. The minimal lesions consist of empty bubbles about 1 mm in diameter. Energy consideration as well as histologic investigation of the lesions indicate a mechanical damage process following a light-induced absorption in the focus. Retinal damage accompanied lenticular damage in all cases},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens, Crystalline/*injuries/ultrastructure
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=868688},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Weinberg1977,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, Reginald and McCord, R.},
   title = {Zur Messung der Korrelation von Temperaturverteilung und Lichtreflexion am Augenhintergrund bei Laser-Koagulation},
   booktitle = {GSF-Bericht BPT 5},
   volume = {17},

}

@article{BGB1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Fundus reflectometry: a step towards optimization of the retina photocoagulation},
   journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol},
   volume = {18},
   pages = {383-90},
   note = {Birngruber, R
Gabel, V P
Hillenkamp, F
SWITZERLAND
Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1977;18:383-90.},
   abstract = {A method is described for monitoring the light reflected from exposed areas during and after argon laser photocoagulation of rabbit eyes. The light serves as a measure of the retinal blanching and thus of the tissue reaction. It is shown, that the reflected light changes its time-dependent behavior qualitatively if hemorrhages occur. The energy necessary for a therapeutic coagulation is shown to decrease with decreasing exposure time as does the therapeutic band width for clinical coagulations. A relationship between exposure time and therapeutic band width was found and is discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Fundus Oculi
*Laser Therapy
Lasers/adverse effects/*methods
Photometry/*methods
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology
AutoPhoN},
   year = {1977}
}

@article{Diddens1976,
   title        = {On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria},
   author       = {Diddens, H. and Zähner, H. and Kraas, E. and Gohring, W. and Jung, G.},
   year         = 1976,
   journal      = {Eur J Biochem},
   volume       = 66,
   number       = 1,
   pages        = {11--23},
   note         = {Diddens, H Zahner, H Kraas, E Gohring, W Jung, G GERMANY, WEST Eur J Biochem. 1976 Jun 15;66(1):11-23.},
   abstract     = {The two tripeptide antibiotics L-2-amino-4-methylphosphinobutyryl-alanyl-alanyl-alanine (L-phosphinothricyl-alanyl-alanine) and L-(N5-phosphono)methionine-S-sulfoximinyl-alanyl-alanine, both inhibitors of the glutamine synthetase, are transported into the cell of Escherichia coli K 12 via the oligopeptide transport system. The uptake by this system is proved first of all by cross-resistance with tri-L-ornithine using oligopeptide-transport-deficient mutants, and secondly by antagonism tests demonstrating competitive reversal of the action of the antibiotic by several peptides which have been shown to be transported via the oligopeptide transport system, e.g. tri-L-alanine, tetra-L-alanine, tri-L-lysine, tri-L-serine, tri-glycine, glycyl-glycyl-L-alanine and the synthetic tripeptide L-azadenyl-aminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine. On the other hand, there is no effect on the action of the antibiotic in antagonism tests with compounds which use different transport systems, such as L-alanyl-alanine, L-lysyl-lysine, glutathione and the synthetic amino acid azaadenylaminohexanoic acid, i.e. 2-amino-6-(7-amino-3H-v-triazolo-[4,5-d]-pyrimidin-3-yl)hexanoic acid. Another inhibitor of the glutamine synthetase, L-methionine-S-dioxide (methioninesulfone) could be converted into a tripeptide form by linkage to L-alanyl-alanine analogously to the tripeptide antibiotics described above. Whereas the free L-methionine-S-dioxide seems to be transported via the methionine transport system, the tripeptide form is transported via the oligopeptide transport system. Thus, this glutamine synthetase inhibitor can be taken up by the cell via two different transport mechanisms. Our results indicate that this could provide a synergistic effect. The syntheses of the new tripeptides L-azaadenylaminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine and L-methionine-S-dioxidyl-alanyl-alanine were performed by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide couplings of the unusual N-protected L-alpha-amino acids azaadenylaminohexanoic acid and L-methionine-S-dioxide to L-alanyl-alanine-tert-butyl ester followed by common deprotection steps. Tri-L-ornithine was synthesized without carboxyl protection via two successive couplings of hydroxybenzotriazol esters of Nalpha-butoxycarbonyl-Ndelta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-ornithine.},
   keywords     = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism/pharmacology Biological Transport Cell Survival/drug effects Diffusion Escherichia coli/drug effects/*metabolism Fourier Analysis Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/antagonists & inhibitors Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis/*metabolism/pharmacology Protein Conformation Structure-Activity Relationship}
}

@article{Gabel1976,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Boergen, K. P.},
   title = {Ophthalmoscopic Therapeutic Problems and Laser Personnel},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {169},
   number = {5},
   pages = {669-669},
   note = {Cq473
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1976CQ47300042},
   year = {1976},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Diddens1976,
   author = {Diddens, H. and Zähner, H. and Kraas, E. and Gohring, W. and Jung, G.},
   title = {On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria},
   journal = {Eur J Biochem},
   volume = {66},
   number = {1},
   pages = {11-23},
   note = {Diddens, H
Zahner, H
Kraas, E
Gohring, W
Jung, G
GERMANY, WEST
Eur J Biochem. 1976 Jun 15;66(1):11-23.},
   abstract = {The two tripeptide antibiotics L-2-amino-4-methylphosphinobutyryl-alanyl-alanyl-alanine (L-phosphinothricyl-alanyl-alanine) and L-(N5-phosphono)methionine-S-sulfoximinyl-alanyl-alanine, both inhibitors of the glutamine synthetase, are transported into the cell of Escherichia coli K 12 via the oligopeptide transport system. The uptake by this system is proved first of all by cross-resistance with tri-L-ornithine using oligopeptide-transport-deficient mutants, and secondly by antagonism tests demonstrating competitive reversal of the action of the antibiotic by several peptides which have been shown to be transported via the oligopeptide transport system, e.g. tri-L-alanine, tetra-L-alanine, tri-L-lysine, tri-L-serine, tri-glycine, glycyl-glycyl-L-alanine and the synthetic tripeptide L-azadenyl-aminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine. On the other hand, there is no effect on the action of the antibiotic in antagonism tests with compounds which use different transport systems, such as L-alanyl-alanine, L-lysyl-lysine, glutathione and the synthetic amino acid azaadenylaminohexanoic acid, i.e. 2-amino-6-(7-amino-3H-v-triazolo-[4,5-d]-pyrimidin-3-yl)hexanoic acid. Another inhibitor of the glutamine synthetase, L-methionine-S-dioxide (methioninesulfone) could be converted into a tripeptide form by linkage to L-alanyl-alanine analogously to the tripeptide antibiotics described above. Whereas the free L-methionine-S-dioxide seems to be transported via the methionine transport system, the tripeptide form is transported via the oligopeptide transport system. Thus, this glutamine synthetase inhibitor can be taken up by the cell via two different transport mechanisms. Our results indicate that this could provide a synergistic effect. The syntheses of the new tripeptides L-azaadenylaminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine and L-methionine-S-dioxidyl-alanyl-alanine were performed by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide couplings of the unusual N-protected L-alpha-amino acids azaadenylaminohexanoic acid and L-methionine-S-dioxide to L-alanyl-alanine-tert-butyl ester followed by common deprotection steps. Tri-L-ornithine was synthesized without carboxyl protection via two successive couplings of hydroxybenzotriazol esters of Nalpha-butoxycarbonyl-Ndelta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-ornithine.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism/pharmacology
Biological Transport
Cell Survival/drug effects
Diffusion
Escherichia coli/drug effects/*metabolism
Fourier Analysis
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/antagonists & inhibitors
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis/*metabolism/pharmacology
Protein Conformation
Structure-Activity Relationship},
   year = {1976}
}

@book{Gabel1976,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Die Lichtabsorption am Augenhintergrund},
   publisher = {Ges f Strahlen- und Umweltforschung},
   address = {München},
   series = {GSF-Bericht A 55},
   year = {1976}
}

@article{Lund1976,
   author = {Lund, O. E. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Diathermieverfahren, Licht-/Laserkoagulation, Kryokoagulation. Experimentelle und klinische Uberlegungen},
   journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {168},
   number = {05},
   pages = {603-12},
   note = {0023-2165 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The clinical and experimental results from the methods of coagulation currently in use are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of trans-scleral methods (diathermy and cryopexy) and trans-ocular methods (Xenon arc and argon laser) are discussed. Experiments on absorption, the mode of action of intense light, the optimal time and method of application, the necessary intensity and the extent of the coagulated area are communicated. Of the trans-scleral methods, cryopexy is to be prefered. The trans-ocular methods have the advantage of a more exact localisation and dosage. Either route can often be chosen in any particular case, though at present no overriding advantage has been shown for either.},
   keywords = {*Cryosurgery/adverse effects/methods
*Diathermy/adverse effects/methods
Humans
Lasers/adverse effects/methods/therapeutic use
*Light Coagulation/adverse effects/methods
Retina/pathology
Retinal Detachment/*surgery
Time Factors},
   year = {1976}
}

@article{Birngruber1976,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Audivisuelle Anlage der Augenklinik München},
   journal = {Grundig-Electronic-Information},
   year = {1976},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wallow1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Clinical and histological studies following argon-laser effect on the retina. --Histo-pathological evaluation of laser injuries for the assessment of a functional injury threshold for lasers]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   number = {73},
   pages = {374-86},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Eye Injuries/*etiology/pathology
Haplorhini
Lasers/*adverse effects
Retina/*injuries/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812474},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1975,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Development of Laser Lesions in Fundus},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {167},
   number = {4},
   pages = {624-624},
   note = {Ay079
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1975AY07900026},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Kinder1975,
   author = {Kinder, J. and Hutzler, P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Fernsehübertragung stereoskopischer Bilder},
   journal = {Biomed Techn},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {297-298},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Greite1975,
   author = {Greite, J. H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Low intensity argon laser coagulation in central serous retinopathy (csr)},
   journal = {Ophthalmologica},
   volume = {171},
   number = {3},
   pages = {214-43},
   note = {0030-3755 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Mechanisms of light coagulation effects in RPE and detached retina are discussed. 25 cases of CSR are presented in which the leaking point in the RPE was coagulated with an argon laser coagulator, the exposure parameters being set to avoid a whitening of the retina. The results suggest that the retinal whitening and consequently retinal damage does not constitute a criterium for coagulation effectiveness in CSR.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Argon
Fluorescein Angiography
Fundus Oculi
Humans
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Male
Middle Aged
Retinal Artery/radiography
Retinal Detachment/*therapy
Retinal Vein/radiography
Retinal Vessels/radiography},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1169740},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{BGB1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F. and Lund, O. I.},
   title = {Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht
},
   journal = {Adv Ophthalmol},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {159-232},
   note = {0065-3004 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The effects of intense light produced by an argon laser, a helium-neon laser and a xenon are photocoagulator in the retinas of gray chinchilla rabbits, cynomolgus monkeys, and rhesus monkeys were studied clinically and histopathologically including electron microscopy. An improved experimental set-up was used allowing a very good consistency of the inflicted lesions. Threshold lesions were produced in chinchilla rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys by an argon laser and a helium-neon laser. The lesions were evaluated ophthalmoscopically and histograms were drawn indicating ophthalmoscopic ED50 values. For the two lasers examined these values were 12 and 17 mW, respectively, for exposure durations in the range of the blink reflex (125-150 msec). Histopathologically, ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions of both laser types showed evidence of thermal damage of the outer retinal half. This damage was principally identical in both species involving the retinal pigment epithelium and the full extension of the photoreceptor cells up to their synapses within the outer plexiform layer. The ophthalmoscopic threshold value was associated, therefore, with an irreversible loss of visual function within the retinal area concerned. No evidence for primary sites of significant energy absorption within the neural retina was found. The width of ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions was determined by measuring within the histologic sections with a microscope and a calibrated graticule the extension of damage at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium and at the level of the outer nuclear layer. In the cynomolgus monkey for ophthalmoscopic argon laser threshold lesions the extension at the level of the RPE was 70-80 mum in diameter and at the level of the outer nuclear layer it was 40-50 mum in diameter. Laser lesions that had a diameter of 60 mum at the level of the RPE and of 30 mum at the level of the outer nuclear layer were ophthalmoscopically subvisible. It is concluded that probably also in man such laser lesions, as well as various other pathologic changes of this size or smaller, cannot be evaluated by clinical ophthalmoscopy. The ophthalmoscopic threshold was correlated with a histopathologic threshold as defined by minimal histopathologic damage. Very likely, such damage lies within the range of functional recovery, and the histopathologic threshold demarcates at the same time the decisive functional threshold. The conversion ratio between histopathologic-functional and ophthalmoscopic threshold for argon lesions in cynomolgus monkeys was somewhat greater than 3, e.i. the ophthalmoscopic threshold was more than 3 times higher than the histopathologic-functional threshold. Using this data together with additional biologic and optical considerations, a safety threshold for man for cw-lasers within the visible spectrum was estimated to be 1-2 mW.},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Helium
Humans
*Lasers/methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca
Macaca fascicularis
Neon
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/ultrastructure
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/*surgery/ultrastructure
Retinal Diseases/*etiology/pathology},
   year = {1975}
}

@article{Wallow1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. L. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F. and Lund, O. E.},
   title = {Retinal Reactions to Intense Light .1. Threshold Lesions - Experimental, Morphological and Clinical Studies of Pathological and Therapeutic Effects of Laser-Light and White-Light},
   journal = {Advances in Ophthalmology},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {159-232},
   note = {Cz545
Times Cited:23
Cited References Count:151},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1975CZ54500004},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1975,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Wallow, I. H. and Schmolke, W.},
   title = {Über die Lichtabsorption am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunt der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973"},
   number = {73},
   pages = {362-7},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Absorption
Animals
Choroid/physiology
*Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Humans
*Light
Rabbits
Retina/physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812472},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Wallow, I. H. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Über Rubin-Laserschwellenwertuntersuchungen an der Netzhaut},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973"},
   number = {73},
   pages = {367-74},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Haplorhini
Lasers/adverse effects/*standards
Rabbits
Retina/injuries/*physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812473},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lund1975,
   author = {Lund, O. E. and Wallow, I. H. and Hillenkamp, F. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Zur experimentellen Laser-Einwirkung am Auge},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelbert 1973"},
   number = {73},
   pages = {360-362},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {*Accident Prevention
Eye Injuries/*prevention & control
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects/standards},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1242947},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{BGB1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F. and Lund, O. I.},
   title = {Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht
},
   journal = {Adv Ophthalmol},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {159-232},
   note = {0065-3004 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The effects of intense light produced by an argon laser, a helium-neon laser and a xenon are photocoagulator in the retinas of gray chinchilla rabbits, cynomolgus monkeys, and rhesus monkeys were studied clinically and histopathologically including electron microscopy. An improved experimental set-up was used allowing a very good consistency of the inflicted lesions. Threshold lesions were produced in chinchilla rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys by an argon laser and a helium-neon laser. The lesions were evaluated ophthalmoscopically and histograms were drawn indicating ophthalmoscopic ED50 values. For the two lasers examined these values were 12 and 17 mW, respectively, for exposure durations in the range of the blink reflex (125-150 msec). Histopathologically, ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions of both laser types showed evidence of thermal damage of the outer retinal half. This damage was principally identical in both species involving the retinal pigment epithelium and the full extension of the photoreceptor cells up to their synapses within the outer plexiform layer. The ophthalmoscopic threshold value was associated, therefore, with an irreversible loss of visual function within the retinal area concerned. No evidence for primary sites of significant energy absorption within the neural retina was found. The width of ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions was determined by measuring within the histologic sections with a microscope and a calibrated graticule the extension of damage at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium and at the level of the outer nuclear layer. In the cynomolgus monkey for ophthalmoscopic argon laser threshold lesions the extension at the level of the RPE was 70-80 mum in diameter and at the level of the outer nuclear layer it was 40-50 mum in diameter. Laser lesions that had a diameter of 60 mum at the level of the RPE and of 30 mum at the level of the outer nuclear layer were ophthalmoscopically subvisible. It is concluded that probably also in man such laser lesions, as well as various other pathologic changes of this size or smaller, cannot be evaluated by clinical ophthalmoscopy. The ophthalmoscopic threshold was correlated with a histopathologic threshold as defined by minimal histopathologic damage. Very likely, such damage lies within the range of functional recovery, and the histopathologic threshold demarcates at the same time the decisive functional threshold. The conversion ratio between histopathologic-functional and ophthalmoscopic threshold for argon lesions in cynomolgus monkeys was somewhat greater than 3, e.i. the ophthalmoscopic threshold was more than 3 times higher than the histopathologic-functional threshold. Using this data together with additional biologic and optical considerations, a safety threshold for man for cw-lasers within the visible spectrum was estimated to be 1-2 mW.},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Helium
Humans
*Lasers/methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca
Macaca fascicularis
Neon
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/ultrastructure
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/*surgery/ultrastructure
Retinal Diseases/*etiology/pathology},
   year = {1975}
}

@article{BGB1974,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Lund, O. E. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {A comparison of retinal argon laser lesions in man and in cynomolgus monkey},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {189},
   number = {3},
   pages = {159-64},
   note = {0065-6100 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Choroid Neoplasms
Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery
Disease Models, Animal
Epithelium/pathology
Eye Injuries/pathology
Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Humans
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
*Macaca
Male
Melanoma
Middle Aged
Ophthalmoscopy
Photoreceptors/pathology
Retina/*injuries},
   year = {1974}
}