@article{Obana1993,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Gässler, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The risk of choroidal hemorrhage with diode laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {Jpn J Ophthalmic Surg},
   volume = {6},
   number = {2},
   pages = {285-290},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan1993,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Du, C.W. and Liu, X.D. and Li, Z.G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Monte-carlo simulation of magneto-birefringence in magnetic fluids},
   journal = {J Appl Phys},
   volume = {73},
   number = {10},
   pages = {6142-6144},
   year = {1993},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Jungnickel1992,
   author = {Jungnickel, K. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Efficiency of bursts in intraocular Nd: YAG laser surgery},
   journal = {Lasers and Light in Ophthalmology},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {95 - 99},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Ren1992,
   author = {Ren, Q. and Venugopalan, V. and Schomacker, K. and Deutsch, T. F. and Flotte, T. J. and Puliafito, C. A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mid-infrared laser ablation of the cornea: a comparative study},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-81},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The ablation thresholds and patterns of collateral damage in cornea produced by Er:YAG (2.94 microns) and Er:YSGG (2.79 microns) lasers were measured. Two different pulse durations, 200 microseconds (normal spiking mode) and 100 ns (Q-switched mode), were used at both wavelengths. In the normal spiking mode, damage zones of 16 +/- 2 microns and 39 +/- 7 microns and ablation thresholds of 250 +/- 20 mJ/cm2 and 420 +/- 35 mJ/cm2 were measured at 2.94 microns and 2.79 microns, respectively. In the Q-switched mode, damage zones of 4 +/- 2 microns and ablation thresholds of 150 +/- 10 mJ/cm2 were found irrespective of the laser used. The similarity between the results using the Er:YAG and Er:YSGG lasers in the Q-switched mode suggest that either laser can be used with equal effectiveness for corneal trephination.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Cornea/pathology/*surgery
*Light Coagulation/*methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1508021},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1992,
   author = {Roider, J. and Troccoli, J. and Anderson, R. R. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Microvasculature Occlusion by Repetitive Short Laser-Pulses},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {722-722},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500151},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lin1992,
   author = {Lin, C. P. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Effects of Single and Multiple Picosecond Laser-Pulses on Rpe Cells},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {721-721},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:1},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500148},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1992,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Selektiver Verschluss okularer Neovaskularisationen durch photodynamische Therapie (PDT)},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {89},
   number = {5},
   pages = {391-4},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has successfully been used to induce vascular occlusion via endothelial damage and subsequent thrombosis. To increase the selective of this method for neovascularizations, characteristics in the ultrastructure of the proliferative vessel wall allow physiological vessels to be spared and predominantly neovascularizations to be occluded: (a) Due to the disturbance of the blood-retina barrier, free dye molecules accumulate within the vascular wall. Using a dye with prolonged retention, such as phthalocyanine (CASPc), it is possible to thrombose neovascularizations 24 h post injection while leaving the physiological vasculature of the anterior segment of the rabbit eye unaffected. (b) Proliferating endothelial cells express high numbers of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. Chlorin e6 (Ce6), a potent photosensitizer, is covalently bound to LDL. Intravascularly, ce6-LDL complexes selectively label neovascular walls. Since ce6-LDL is incorporated intracellular into enzymatically active lysosomes, photothrombosis is effectively achieved at low drug and light doses in vivo. In addition, the induced damage is spatially confined to the inner vascular lining. We conclude that carrier-mediated PDT may offer a new and sensitive approach for selective treatment of intraocular neovascularizations.},
   keywords = {Animals
Blood-Retinal Barrier/drug effects/physiology
Cell Division/drug effects/physiology
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/pathology
*Photochemotherapy
Rabbits
Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1304219},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1992,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Eckert, K. G. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Dye-Enhanced Diode-Laser Photocoagulation Using Continuous Injection of Indocyanine Green},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {721-721},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13500144},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gekeler,
   author = {Gekeler, V. and Frese, G. and Noller, A. and Handgretinger, R. and Wilisch, A. and Schmidt, H. and Muller, C. P. and Dopfer, R. and Klingebiel, T. and Diddens, H. and et al.},
   title = {Mdr1/P-glycoprotein, topoisomerase, and glutathione-S-transferase pi gene expression in primary and relapsed state adult and childhood leukaemias},
   journal = {Br J Cancer},
   volume = {66},
   number = {3},
   pages = {507-17},
   note = {Gekeler, V
Frese, G
Noller, A
Handgretinger, R
Wilisch, A
Schmidt, H
Muller, C P
Dopfer, R
Klingebiel, T
Diddens, H
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Br J Cancer. 1992 Sep;66(3):507-17.},
   abstract = {In a variety of adult and childhood leukaemia cell samples collected at different states of the disease, we analysed in a series of sequentially performed slot-blot or Northern-blot hybridisation experiments the expression of genes possibly involved in multiple drug resistance (MDR) (mdr1/P-glycoprotein, DNA topoisomerase II, glutathione-S-transferase pi), and the expression of the DNA topoisomerase I and histone 3.1 genes. Occasionally, P-glycoprotein gene expression was additionally examined by indirect immunocytofluorescence using the monoclonal antibody C219. No significant difference in mdr1/P-glycoprotein mRNA levels between primary and relapsed state acute lymphocytic leukaemias (ALL) was seen on average. Second or third relapses, however, showed a distinct tendency to an elevated expression of this multidrug transporter gene (up to 10-fold) in part well beyond the value seen in the moderately cross-resistant T-lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM subline CCRF VCR 100. Increased mdr1/P-glycoprotein mRNA levels were also found in relapsed state acute myelogenous leukaemias (AML), and in chronic lymphocytic leukaemias (CLL) treated with chlorambucil and/or prednisone for several years. Topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II mRNA levels were found to be very variable. Whereas in all but one case of CLL topoisomerase II mRNA was not detected by slot-blot hybridizations, strong topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II gene expression levels, frequently exceeding the levels monitored in the CCRF-CEM cell line, were seen in many cell samples of acute leukaemia. If topoisomerase II mRNA was undetectable, expression of topoisomerase I was clearly visible throughout. These observations might be valuable considering the possible treatment with specific topoisomerase I or topoisomerase II inhibitors. Significant positive correlations were found (i) for topoisomerase I and histone 3.1 gene expression levels in general (P less than 0.001), and (ii) in the CLL samples additionally for the expression levels of the mdr1 gene, and the histone 3.1, topoisomerase I, and glutathione-S-transferase pi genes, respectively.},
   keywords = {Adult
Child
DNA Probes
DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/ genetics
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/ genetics
Drug Resistance/ genetics
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Gene Expression/ genetics
Glutathione Transferase/ genetics
Histones/ genetics
Humans
Leukemia/drug therapy/ genetics
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
Membrane Glycoproteins/ genetics
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
P-Glycoprotein
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy/genetics
RNA, Messenger/ analysis
RNA, Neoplasm/ analysis
Tumor Cells, Cultured},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Roider,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. A. and Flotte, T. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Response of the retinal pigment epithelium to selective photocoagulation},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {110},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1786-92},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Multiple short argon laser pulses can coagulate the retinal pigment epithelium selectively, while sparing the adjacent neural retina and choroid; in contrast, continuous-wave laser irradiation typically damages the neural retina and choroid. The healing response to selective photocoagulation of the retinal pigment epithelium was studied in rabbits during a period of 4 weeks. The lesions were never visible ophthalmoscopically. During the healing period, the epithelium was reformed by a single sheet of hypertrophic retinal pigment epithelial cells. In contrast to continuous-wave photocoagulation, only minimal inflammatory response was found. Retinal pigment epithelial cells showed clear signs of viability, eg, phagocytized outer segments. The local edema in the photoreceptor layer and subretinal space found in the early stage disappeared when the blood-retinal barrier was reestablished. The choriocapillaris remained unaffected. No subsequent damage to the photoreceptors was found. This type of photocoagulation may be useful for retinal pigment epithelium-related diseases, eg, diffuse diabetic macular edema.},
   keywords = {Animals
Biopsy
Chinchilla
Fluorescein Angiography
Fundus Oculi
Laser Surgery
*Light Coagulation
Microscopy, Electron
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/radiation effects/*surgery
Statistics
Time Factors
Wound Healing},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Wetzel1992,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser Sclerostomy Abexterno Using the Erbium-Yag Laser and a New Application System},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1018-1018},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13501637},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Abel1992,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Lorenz, B. and Obana, A. and Vogel, Alfred and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Problems of clinical application of diode lasers.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {157-163},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Jungnickel1992,
   author = {Jungnickel, K and Rein, S and Vogel, A},
   title = {Untersuchungen zur Plasmabildung bei der Nd: YAG-Laserchirurgie: Katarakt},
   journal = {Der Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {89},
   number = {4},
   pages = {283-287},
   ISSN = {0941-293X},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1992,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Bauman, W. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gragoudas, E. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Photosensitizing Potency of Benzoporphyrin Derivative (Bpd) Associated with Human Low-Density-Lipoprotein (Ldl)},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1253-1253},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13502796},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Obana1992,
   author = {Obana, A. and Lorenz, B. and Gässler, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The therapeutic range of chorioretinal photocoagulation with diode and argon lasers:an experimental comparison},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3/4},
   pages = {147-156},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt,
   author = {Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {The influence of wavelength on the laser power required for retinal photocoagulation in cataractous human eyes.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {69-78},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Temperature profiles in human retina and choroid during laser coagulation with different wavelengths ranging from 514 to 810 nm.},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5},
   number = {1},
   pages = {9-16},
   year = {1992}
}

@article{Weaver1992,
   author = {Weaver, Y. K. and Lin, C. P. and Schuman, S. and Woods, W. J. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Experimental Iridotomy with a Picosecond Neodymium-Ag Laser},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {33},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1265-1265},
   note = {Hk135
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1992HK13502854},
   year = {1992},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt1991,
   author = {Schmidt, U. and Hasan, T. and Schomacker, K. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Vessel Occlusion by Photochemically-Induced Thrombogenesis},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1162-1162},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76202419},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hefetz1991,
   author = {Hefetz, Y. and Roider, J. and Puliafito, C. A. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Low Repetition Rate Picosecond Photodisruption in Ocular Structures},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {798-798},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76200642},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1991,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective Damage of the Rpe by Repetitive Laser-Pulses - Healing Studies in Rabbits},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {713-713},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76200240},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1991,
   author = {Roider, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Microcoagulation of the fundus. Experimental results of repeated laser pulse exposure]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {88},
   number = {5},
   pages = {473-6},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Angiographically visible lesions were produced in the fundus of rabbit eyes with repetitive 5 microseconds pulses and continuous wave exposures with 50-ms to 1-s pulse duration from an modified argon laser (514 nm). The ophthalmoscopic and the fluorescein angiographic findings showed less damage in the neural retina and the choroid after repetitively pulsed irradiation. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the neural retina and the choroid can mostly be spared by using repetitive 5 microseconds pulses, even though the damage to the retinal pigment epithelium is similar to the damage caused by continuous wave irradiation. Possible clinical applications, e.g. for macular edema and central serous retinopathy, are discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Light Coagulation/*adverse effects
Microscopy, Electron
Ophthalmoscopy
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/*injuries/pathology
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1757035},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weaver1991,
   author = {Weaver, Y. K. and Lin, C. P. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Intraocular Photoablation by a High Repetition Rate Picosecond Nd-Yag Laser},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {32},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1224-1224},
   note = {Fc762
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1991FC76202720},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Macfarlane1991,
   author = {Macfarlane, R. and Teramura, A. and Owen, C. J. and Chase, S. and de la Torre, R. and Gregory, K. W. and Peterson, J. W. and Birngruber, R. and Parrish, J. A. and Zervas, N. T.},
   title = {Treatment of vasospasm with a 480-nm pulsed-dye laser},
   journal = {J Neurosurg},
   volume = {75},
   number = {4},
   pages = {613-22},
   note = {0022-3085 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Laser energy at a wavelength of 480 nm was applied in 1-microseconds pulses of 3 to 10 mJ to two models of vasospasm. Rabbit common carotid arteries (CCA's) were constricted chronically by the application of human blood within a silicone sheath. Peak vasospasm developed 24 to 48 hours later, and persisted for up to 6 days. Endovascular laser treatment was delivered to 40 CCA's via a 200-microns diameter silica quartz fiber introduced through the femoral artery. The CCA caliber increased from 60% of the pre-vasospasm control diameter to a minimum post-laser diameter of 83% of control. No instances of laser-induced perforation or of arterial thrombosis were observed for up to 60 days after treatment. Prophylactic laser application to nine normal vessels was able to attenuate the development of vasospasm if blood was applied immediately thereafter (88% vs. 59% of control diameter, p less than 0.02), but not if blood was applied 7 days later. Studies in 16 normal CCA's established that there was a considerable margin between the laser energy required to induce dilatation and that which caused perforation, providing that the fiber remained relatively central within the artery. Morphological examination demonstrated focal loss of endothelial cells immediately after laser application, followed approximately 7 days later by the development of areas of intimal hyperplasia. Only minimal changes were observed in the medial or adventitial layers. In a second study, the basilar artery of seven dogs was constricted chronically by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood 3 days apart. Five dogs received endovascular laser treatment 7 or 10 days after the first injection, when basilar artery diameter was reduced to a mean of 61% and 77% of control, respectively. Immediately following treatment, basilar artery diameter increased to 104% and 102% of resting diameter, respectively. Both untreated and laser-treated arteries were smaller than the control diameter at 30 days (80% and 82%, respectively), but in each group the vasodilatory response to hypercapnia was preserved. These findings indicate that 1-microsecond laser pulses are well tolerated by systemic and cerebral arteries in two different animal models, and suggest that the 480-nm pulsed-dye laser may have an application for the treatment or prophylaxis of cerebral vasospasm.},
   keywords = {Animals
Basilar Artery/surgery
Carotid Arteries/surgery/ultrastructure
Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology/*surgery
Chronic Disease
Constriction, Pathologic/surgery
Dogs
Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Light Coagulation
Rabbits
Spasm/pathology/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1885979},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Teramura1991,
   author = {Teramura, A. and Macfarlane, R. and Owen, C. J. and de la Torre, R. and Gregory, K. W. and Birngruber, R. and Parrish, J. A. and Peterson, J. W. and Zervas, N. T.},
   title = {Application of the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser to the treatment of experimental cerebral vasospasm},
   journal = {J Neurosurg},
   volume = {75},
   number = {2},
   pages = {271-6},
   note = {0022-3085 (Print)
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {Laser energy of 480 nm was applied in 1-microsecond pulses varying between 2.2 and 10 mJ to in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral vasospasm. First, the pulsed-dye laser was applied intravascularly via a 320-microns fiber to basilar artery segments from six dogs. The segments were mounted in a vessel-perfusion apparatus and constricted to, on average, 70% of resting diameter by superfusion with dog hemolysate. Immediate increase in basilar artery diameter occurred to a mean of 83% of control. In a second model, the basilar artery was exposed transclivally in the rabbit. In three normal animals, superfusion of the artery with rabbit hemolysate resulted in a reduction of mean vessel diameter to 81% of control. Following extravascular application of the laser, vessels returned to an average of 106% of the resting state. In six rabbits, the basilar artery was constricted by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood. 3 days apart. Two to 4 days after the second injection, the basilar artery was exposed. Extravascular laser treatment from a quartz fiber placed perpendicular to the vessel adventitia resulted in an immediate 53% average increase in caliber to an estimated 107% of control. No reconstriction was observed over a period of up to 5 hours. Morphologically, damage to the arterial wall was slight. This preliminary investigation suggests that the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser may be of benefit in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.},
   keywords = {Animals
Basilar Artery/surgery/ultrastructure
Dogs
Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
Female
Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Male
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Rabbits
Vasodilation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2072166},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1991,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Dlugos, C. and Nuffer, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical properties of human sclera, and their consequences for transscleral laser applications},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {11},
   number = {4},
   pages = {331-40},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The spectral dependence of the optical properties of human sclera adjacent to the limbus was investigated and related to the potentials of transscleral photocoagulation. The total transmission, absorption, and reflection, as well as the angular distribution of the transmitted and reflected light were measured at five laser wavelengths (442 nm, 514 nm, 633 nm, 804 nm, and 1,064 nm), both for noncontact and contact applications. Absorption and scattering coefficients were determined using the Kubelka-Munk model for light propagation through a scattering tissue. The scleral transmission is only 6% at 442 nm but increases to 35% at 804 nm and to 53% at 1,064 nm. The absorption is high at short wavelengths with 40% at 442 nm but it is only 6% at 804 nm and 1,064 nm. The reflection is generally higher than 40% and shows little wavelength dependence. The transmitted light is scattered diffusely at short wavelengths, but at 804 nm and 1,064 nm it exhibits a fairly narrow angular distribution in forward direction. Fiber contact leads to an increase of transmission, with a factor of 3.5 at 442 nm, of 2.0 at 804 nm, and 1.5 at 1,064 nm. Our results indicate that the diode laser (804 nm) and the Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) with contact delivery are best suited for transscleral photocoagulation.},
   keywords = {Absorption
Humans
Lasers/*therapeutic use
Light
Optics
Scattering, Radiation
Sclera/*anatomy & histology/physiology},
   year = {1991}
}

@article{Doukas1991,
   author = {Doukas, A.G. and Zweig, A.D. and Frisoli, J.K. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.},
   title = {Non-invasive determination of shock wave pressure generated by optical breakdown.},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {53},
   pages = {237-245},
   year = {1991},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Balles1990,
   author = {Balles, M. W. and Puliafito, C. A. and Damico, D. J. and Jacobson, J. J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Semiconductor Diode-Laser Photocoagulation in Retinal Vascular-Disease},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {97},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1553-1561},
   note = {Eg630
Times Cited:32
Cited References Count:22},
   ISSN = {0161-6420},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1990EG63000032},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Doukas1990,
   author = {Doukas, A.G. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.},
   title = {Determination of the Shock Wave Pressures Generated by Laser-Induced Breakdown in Water.},
   journal = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {1202},
   pages = {61-70},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Chaudry1990,
   author = {Chaudhry, H. W. and Kochevar, I. E. and Schomacker, K. T. and Cooke, J. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gregory, K. W.},
   title = {Laser-Induced Vasorelaxation - an Action Spectrum from 337 Nm to 630 Nm},
   journal = {Circulation},
   volume = {82},
   number = {4},
   pages = {408-408},
   note = {Suppl. S
Ec764
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0009-7322},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1990EC76401635},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Latina,
   author = {Latina, M. A. and Dobrogowski, M. and March, W. F. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy by pulsed-dye laser and goniolens},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {108},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1745-50},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {We describe an ab-interno laser sclerostomy procedure using the method termed dye-enhanced ablation with a slit-lamp delivery system and special goniolens such that only the laser light beam penetrates the anterior chamber. The procedure uses a microsecond-pulsed-dye laser emitting at 666 nm and iontophoresis of methylene blue dye (absorption of 668 nm) into the sclera at the limbus to enhance the absorption of the laser light. We compared the number of pulses needed to perforate excised human sclera at pulse durations of 1.5, 20, and 300 microseconds. Pulse durations of 1.5 and 20 microseconds required 20 pulses or fewer to perforate excised human sclera with pulse energies of 75 to 100 mJ. The ab-interno laser sclerostomy procedure was performed in 54 eyes of Dutch-belted rabbits with pulse durations of 1.5 or 20 microseconds and a 100- or 200-microns incident spot diameter delivered using a CGF goniolens. Full-thickness fistulas were successfully created at both pulse durations in approximately 80% of eyes treated. A range of three to 25 pulses was required to perforate sclera with slightly fewer pulses and lower pulse energies at 1.5 microseconds compared with 20 microseconds. There were no significant complications from the procedure. This technique could permit filtration surgery to be performed on an outpatient basis.},
   keywords = {Animals
Humans
Iontophoresis
*Laser Surgery
Methylene Blue/administration & dosage
*Optics
Rabbits
Sclera/pathology/radiation effects
Sclerostomy/instrumentation/*methods},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Vogel1990,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Wirkungsmechanismen, Schadensreichweite und Reduzierung von Nebenwirkungen bei der intraokularen Nd:YAG-Laserchirurgie},
   journal = {Fortschritte der Ophthalmologie},
   volume = {87},
   number = {6},
   pages = {675-687},
   keywords = {Oeil pathologie
Animal
Prévention
Physiopathologie
Complication
In vitro
Cornée
Oeil
Néodyme
Laser YAG
Laser
Chirurgie},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Birngruber1990,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Introduction to the Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12},
   pages = {2146-2147},
   note = {Ey439
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0018-9197},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1990EY43900015},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1990,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mechanism of action, scope of the damage and reduction of side effects in intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {87},
   number = {6},
   pages = {675-87},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The damage mechanisms of intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery and their respective damage ranges were investigated in vitro using bovine cornea specimens as a model tissue. The main damage mechanisms are plasma formation and expansion, emission of acoustic transients, and cavitation with jet formation. When a sequence of laser pulses is applied, the interaction of the acoustic transients with gas bubbles remaining from preceding laser exposures is also important. To distinguish the effects caused by the different physical mechanisms, laser pulses were aimed directly onto the corneal endothelium, and parallel to the cornea at various distances. Simultaneously, the cavitation bubble size was determined. The surface morphology and sections of the same lesions were studied by light and electron microscopy. The primary surgical mechanism is tissue evaporation by the laser plasma, whereas the collateral damage from single laser pulses is mainly caused by the cavitation and jet formation. The damage range after a 4-mJ laser pulse is 0.8 mm which is slightly larger than the corresponding cavitation bubble radius. The damage range of the acoustic transients produced by a 4-mJ laser pulse is several millimeters, when they can interact with small gas bubbles attached to the corneal endothelium. The damage range of the acoustic transients alone is smaller than that of cavitation as far as damage detected by light and scanning electron microscopy is concerned. However, on a subcellular level the acoustic transients may possibly cause damage up to a much larger distance. The damage range observed varies with the cube root of the laser pulse energy. A reduction of collateral effects therefore requires the use of small pulse energies. For energies of less than 1 mJ, the pulse duration has to be reduced to ensure plasma production. It is proposed to use low-energy picosecond pulses with moderate repetition rate instead of single nanosecond pulses to reduce collateral damage effects.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cattle
Endothelium, Corneal/*injuries/pathology
Laser Surgery/*adverse effects/instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2086418},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1990,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Intraocular Nd:YAG Laser Surgery: Damage Mechanism, Damage Range and Reduction of Collateral Effects.},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2240-2260},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Prince1990,
   author = {Prince, M.R. and LaMuraglia, G.M. and C.E., Seidlitz and Prahl, S.A. and Athanasoulis, C.A. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ball-Tipped Fibers for Laser Angioplasty with the Pulsed-Dye Laser},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2297-2304,},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Ren1990,
   author = {Ren, Q. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Axicon: A New Laser Beam Delivery System for Corneal Surgery},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2200-2206},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{LaMuraglia1990,
   author = {LaMuraglia, GM. and Prince, MR. and Nishioka, NS. and S., Obremski and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Optical Properties of Human Arterial Thrombus, Vascular Grafts, and Sutures: Implications for Selective Laser Thrombus Ablation.},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   number = {12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   pages = {2200-2206},
   year = {1990},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Kimming,
   author = {Kimmig, A. and Gekeler, V. and Neumann, M. and Frese, G. and Handgretinger, R. and Kardos, G. and Diddens, H. and Niethammer, D.},
   title = {Susceptibility of multidrug-resistant human leukemia cell lines to human interleukin 2-activated killer cells},
   journal = {Cancer Res},
   volume = {50},
   number = {21},
   pages = {6793-9},
   note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Nov 1},
   abstract = {Considering the possibility to overcome drug resistance by other treatment strategies than chemotherapy we investigated the susceptibility of three independently selected multidrug-resistant sublines of the T-lymphoblastoid leukemic cell line CCRF-CEM to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. We found that two of the multidrug-resistant sublines were significantly less susceptible targets to LAK cells. A third one, however, was as susceptible as the parental CCRF-CEM cell line. Moreover, a multidrug-resistant subline that reverted to an almost drug-sensitive phenotype was observed to be also revertant for resistance against LAK cells. We found an inverse relationship between the expression of the mdr1 gene (P-glycoprotein) and the susceptibility to LAK cells. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, while increasing the drug sensitivity of a multidrug-resistant subline, did not induce a reversal of the suppression of LAK susceptibility. The possibility of enhanced resistance to LAK cells of multidrug-resistant cells should be taken into account when one is looking for therapy strategies to overcome multidrug resistance.},
   year = {1990}
}

@article{Stern1989,
   author = {Stern, D. and Schoenlein, R. W. and Puliafito, C. A. and Dobi, E. T. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G.},
   title = {Corneal Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 and 625 Nm},
   journal = {Archives of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {107},
   number = {4},
   pages = {587-592},
   note = {U0978
Times Cited:108
Cited References Count:39},
   ISSN = {0003-9950},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1989U097800031},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1989,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser output characteristics},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {605-11},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article
Review},
   abstract = {Certain aspects of laser radiation play an important role in laser safety. After a short description of basic laser principles, the unique characteristics of laser light are explained in a phenomenological manner. The enormously wide range of laser output parameters is demonstrated and correlated to typical medical laser applications. Temporal and spatial modes of laser operation are explained in greater detail because of their importance in laser safety.},
   keywords = {Humans
*Lasers/adverse effects/diagnostic use/therapeutic use
Technology, Radiologic},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2651357},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Koop1989,
   author = {Ulrich, H. and Wijnaendts-van-Resandt, R. W. and Koop, N. and Schickfuss, M. v and Rensch, C. and Ehrensperger, W.},
   title = {Quality of microstructures produced by laser lithography and system performance},
   journal = {Microelectronic Engineering},
   volume = {9},
   number = {1},
   pages = {69-72},
   ISSN = {0167-9317},
   url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167931789900154},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1989,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Lang, G. K.},
   title = {Clinical observations of six cases of laser injury to the eye},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {56},
   number = {5},
   pages = {705-10},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {During the last decade, five patients with laser injuries were examined at the University of Munich Eye Clinic, in addition to one laser-injury patient at the University of Erlangen Eye Clinic. From a review of these cases, it is possible to gain an insight into factors that led to the eye injuries and to predict the clinical sequelae of laser retinal injury. A possible means of treatment, using an ophthalmic Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, is suggested for some types of retinal injury involving vitreal hemorrhage.},
   keywords = {*Accidents, Occupational
Adult
Eye Injuries/*etiology
Female
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects
Male
Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology
Retinal Perforations/etiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2708058},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Zysset1989,
   author = {Zysset, B. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.},
   title = {Picosecond Optical-Breakdown - Tissue Effects and Reduction of Collateral Damage},
   journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine},
   volume = {9},
   number = {3},
   pages = {193-204},
   note = {U7627
Times Cited:72
Cited References Count:36},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1002/lsm.1900090302},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1989U762700001},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Lauterborn, W. and Timm, R.},
   title = {Optical and acoustic investigations of the dynamics of laser-produced cavitation bubbles near a solid boundary},
   journal = {J. Fluid Mech.},
   volume = {206},
   pages = {299 - 338},
   year = {1989}
}

@article{Brinkmann1989,
   author = {Engelhardt, R;Brinkmann, R and Meyer, W},
   title = {1. mu. s Alexandrit-Laser fuer laserinduzierte Schockwellenlithotripsie},
   journal = {Laser und Optoelektronik},
   volume = {21(6)},
   pages = {56-61},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1989,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gunther-Koszka, H. and Puliafito, C. A.},
   title = {Nd:YAG laser photodisruption of hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting membrane},
   journal = {Am J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {107},
   number = {1},
   pages = {33-7},
   note = {0002-9394 (Print)
Case Reports
Journal Article},
   abstract = {We used a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser to create an opening in the internal limiting membrane in three eyes with hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting membrane. In all instances, after membranotomy blood was rapidly cleared from the preretinal space resulting in prompt improvement in visual acuity. No retinal injury was observed. Nd:YAG laser photodisruption may be useful in the treatment of some cases of subinternal limiting hemorrhages.},
   keywords = {Adult
Female
Fundus Oculi
Humans
Lasers/therapeutic use
*Light Coagulation
Male
Middle Aged
Retinal Detachment/pathology/*therapy
Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology/*therapy},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2912113},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inbook{Engelhardt-1989,
   author = {Thomas, S;Engelhardt, R;Meyer, W and Pensel, J},
   title = {Evaluation of optical feedback for preventing tissue damage in dye laser lithotripsy},
   booktitle = {Investigative Urology 3},
   publisher = {Springer},
   pages = {262-270},
   year = {1989},
   type = {Book Section}
}

@article{Bahnmüller,
   author = {Bahnmüller, U. and Keller-Schierlein, W. and Brandl, M. and Zähner, H. and Diddens, H.},
   title = {Metabolites of Microorganisms},
   journal = {J. Antibiot.},
   volume = {1988},
   number = {1552 - 1560},
   pages = {8},
   note = {Journal Article
},
   year = {1988}
}

@article{Birngruber1988,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Light-Induced Retinal Damage Produced by Equipment Used for Ophthalmological Examination and Treatment},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {192},
   number = {3},
   pages = {265-265},
   note = {M6889
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1988M688900039},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1988,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Nasemann, J.},
   title = {[The scanning laser ophthalmoscope and its use as a fluorescein angiography instrument]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {5},
   pages = {569-73},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Case Reports
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Child
Fluorescein Angiography/*instrumentation
Humans
Lasers/*diagnostic use
Macular Degeneration/diagnosis
Male
*Ophthalmoscopes
Retinal Diseases/*diagnosis},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3224934},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1988,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Schoenlein, R. W. and Lin, W. Z. and Gawande, A.},
   title = {[Retinal effects produced by femotosecond laser pulse]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {6},
   pages = {699-704},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography
Lasers/*adverse effects
Ophthalmoscopy
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220388},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1988,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Principles of Ophthalmological Laser Applications},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {192},
   number = {3},
   pages = {264-264},
   note = {M6889
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1988M688900037},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Heidenkummer1988,
   author = {Heidenkummer, H. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P. and Gao, L. and Tang, S.},
   title = {[Experimental studies of trans-scleral continuous wave Nd:YAG laser coagulation of the ciliary body]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {6},
   pages = {637-41},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Ciliary Body/pathology/*surgery
Intraocular Pressure
Laser Surgery/*methods
Rabbits
Sclera/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220377},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1988,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Experimental studies of the occlusion of choroid blood vessels by infrared coagulation with reference to tumor therapy]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {85},
   number = {6},
   pages = {726-30},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Arteries/surgery
Choroid/*blood supply
Laser Surgery/*methods
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220392},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = {Time-resolved particle image velocimetry used in the investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics},
   journal = {Applied Optics},
   volume = {27},
   number = {09},
   pages = {1869 -1876},
   year = {1988}
}

@article{Vogel1988,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = {Acoustic transient generation by laser-produced cavitation bubbles near solid boundaries},
   journal = {J. Acoust. Soc. Am.},
   volume = {84},
   number = {2},
   pages = {719 - 731},
   year = {1988}
}

@article{Engelhardt1988,
   author = {Thomas, S;Pensel, J;Engelhardt, R;Meyer, W and Hofstetter, A G},
   title = {The pulsed dye laser versus the Q‐switched Nd: YAG laser in laser‐induced shock‐wave lithotripsy},
   journal = {Lasers in surgery and medicine},
keywords = {endoscopy, flashlamp pumped dye laser, laser lithotripsy, Nd:YAG laser optical, fibers, spectroscopy, urinary calculi},
   volume = {8(4)},
  
   pages = {363-370},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1988,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Nasemann, J.},
   title = {Fluorescein angiography with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO)},
   journal = {Lasers Light Ophthalmol},
   volume = {2},
   number = {1},
   pages = {35-40},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1988,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Nasemann, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Fluorescein Angiography with the Laser-Scanning Ophthalmoscope},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {193},
   number = {4},
   pages = {438-438},
   note = {Q9679
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1988Q967900035},
   year = {1988},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hube,
   author = {Hube, M and Brinkmann, R and Welling, H and Beigang, R and Wellegehausen, B},
   title = {A Cadmium Photoionization Laser Pumped by Laser Induced Plasma Radiation from a Multi Foci Device},
   journal = {Appl Phys B},
   volume = {45},
   pages = {197-201},
   year = {1988}
}

@article{Gabel1987,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Retinal photocoagulation with different wavelength},
   journal = {Folia Ophthalmol Jpn},
   volume = {38},
   pages = {1660-1669},
   year = {1987},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1987,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Retinal temperature stabilization based on choroid circulation]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {84},
   number = {1},
   pages = {92-5},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
*Body Temperature Regulation
Choroid/*blood supply
*Laser Surgery
Rabbits
Retina/*physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3583190},
   year = {1987},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1987,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Kozma, M. and Zink, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Behavior of postoperative intraocular pressure following iridectomy and capsulotomy using a neodymium:YAG laser with reference to the effect of indomethacin]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {84},
   number = {1},
   pages = {76-9},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {*Cataract Extraction
Glaucoma/*surgery
Humans
Indomethacin/*therapeutic use
Intraocular Pressure/*drug effects
Iris/*surgery
*Laser Surgery
Ocular Hypertension/drug therapy
Postoperative Complications/drug therapy},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3583187},
   year = {1987},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Puliafito, C. A. and Gawande, A. and Lin, W. Z. and Schoenlein, R. W. and Fujimoto, J. G.},
   title = {Femtosecond Laser Tissue Interactions: Retinal Injury Studies},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {23},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1836-1844},
   year = {1987}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A},
   title = {Vergleich zweier empfindlicher Speckle-Meßtechniken angewandt auf Verformungsmessungen an Zähnen},
   journal = {Optik},
   volume = {72},
   pages = {95-101},
   note = {Journal Article},
   year = {1986}
}

@article{Gabel1986,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B.},
   title = {Clinical relevance of a dosage device for laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {Klin Monbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {188},
   number = {4},
   pages = {263-5},
   note = {Gabel, V P
Birngruber, R
Lorenz, B
GERMANY, WEST
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1986 Apr;188(4):263-5.},
   abstract = {Fundus reflectometry constitutes a procedure with which dosage can be precisely regulated during the coagulation process. During retinal coagulation, for example, it is possible with this method to administer coagulations of uniform intensity regardless of variations in either the quality of the fundus image or the absorption of the pigmented structures. This can be useful for coagulation procedures which have to be confined for the most part to the pigment epithelium, as for example in the treatment of central serous retinopathy or in panretinal photocoagulation, where the functional therapeutic principle is still not clearly understood. Another area of application for reflectometric laser coagulation will be laser trabeculoplasty, in which barely detectable lesions have to be placed in the trabecular meshwork.},
   keywords = {*Computers
Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery
Humans
*Laser Therapy
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/surgery
Retinal Detachment/surgery
Retinal Diseases/*surgery
Retinal Vein/surgery
Trabecular Meshwork/surgery
AutoPhoN},
   ISSN = {0023-2165 (Print)
0023-2165 (Linking)},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-2008-1050625},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3723965},
   year = {1986},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1986,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Ganson, N. and Stein, H. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[CW neodymium: YAG laser photocoagulation of the rabbit fundus--effect on the choroid and sclera in comparison to argon laser photocoagulation]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {83},
   number = {4},
   pages = {436-40},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Choroid/*injuries
Laser Surgery/*methods
Neodymium
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
Sclera/*injuries},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3770614},
   year = {1986},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Hentschel, W. and Holzfuss, J. and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = {Cavitation Bubble Dynamics and Acoustic Transient Generation in Ocular Surgery with Pulsed Neodymium: YAG Lasers},
   journal = {Ophthalmology},
   volume = {93},
   number = {10},
   pages = {1259 -1269},
   year = {1986}
}

@article{Hutter1985,
   author = {Hutter, H. and Hiemer, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Thermal neodymium:YAG laser effects on the retina]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {5},
   pages = {443-6},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/injuries
Lasers/*adverse effects
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries/pathology
Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4076965},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hiemer1985,
   author = {Hiemer, H. and Hutter, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Retinal damage in neodymium:YAG laser surgery in the area of the vitreous body},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {5},
   pages = {447-9},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Microscopy, Electron
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
Vitreous Body/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4076966},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Neubauer1985,
   author = {Neubauer, L. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Corneal endothelial changes in anterior capsulotomy and postcataract membranotomy with the neodymium:YAG laser]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {82},
   number = {1},
   pages = {80-2},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Cataract Extraction/*adverse effects/methods
Cornea/*injuries/pathology
Endothelium/pathology
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3997004},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel1985,
   author = {Vogel, A and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = { Ein Raumfrequenzfilterungsverfahren zur Untersuchung der Strömung um Kavitationsblasen},
   journal = {Optik},
   volume = {69},
   number = {4},
   pages = {176-179},
   note = {Journal Article},
   year = {1985}
}

@article{Vogel1985,
   author = {Vogel, A and Lauterborn, W.},
   title = { Ein Raumfrequenzfilterungsverfahren zur Untersuchung der Strömung um Kavitationsblasen},
   journal = {Optik},
   volume = {69},
   number = {4},
   pages = {176-179},
   note = {Journal Article},
   year = {1985}
}

@article{Birngruber,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Theoretical investigations of laser thermal retinal injury},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {48},
   number = {6},
   pages = {781-96},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {A thermal damage model including heat conduction for retinal lesions is described to explain thermal threshold damage and compare it to experimental values in the regime of 1 ms to 300 ms. With the aid of these model calculations unspecific thermal damage (denaturation of proteins) could be separated from thermally induced damage to the photoreceptors. Furthermore, the thermal model allows an extrapolation to hazards to the fundus from intense light irradiation that have not been investigated experimentally.},
   keywords = {Animals
Eye Proteins
Heat/*adverse effects
Lasers/*adverse effects
Macaca
Mathematics
Models, Biological
Protein Denaturation
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries},
   year = {1985}
}

@article{Gabel1985,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Neubauer, L. and Zink, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ocular Side-Effects Following Neodymium - Yag Laser Irradiation},
   journal = {International Ophthalmology Clinics},
   volume = {25},
   number = {3},
   pages = {137-149},
   note = {Asd03
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:16},
   ISSN = {0020-8167},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1097/00004397-198502530-00011},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1985ASD0300010},
   year = {1985},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1984,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Die Lichtbelastung unbehandelter Netzhautareale bei der Photokoagulation},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {81},
   number = {2},
   pages = {147-9},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Humans
Light Coagulation/*adverse effects
Retina/*injuries},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6735303},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1984,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lachenmayr, B.},
   title = {Ist der Krypton-Laser anderen Lichtquellen zur Koagulation der Netzhaut überlegen?},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {81},
   pages = {150-153},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Yoshimoto1984,
   author = {Yoshimoto, H. and Kampik, A. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Vitreous morphology after carbon dioxide laser irradiation},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {221},
   number = {6},
   pages = {276-81},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The immediate vitreous changes produced by a continuous-wave carbon-dioxide laser beam in freshly enucleated bovine and pig eyes were studied by gross examination with a dissecting microscope, and histopathologically by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The lesions produced by the laser beam on the vitreous in an air tissue interface technique were remarkable for their ring-shaped vitreous condensations. The diameter and density of these condensations increased with irradiance. With the same irradiation parameters the lesions at the anterior hyaloid membranes showed greater size and density than those in the central area of the vitreous. These vitreous condensations were demonstrated to consist of heat-denatured collagen fibrils. For light microscopic evaluation of the vitreous a modified method of tissue processing according to Szent Gyorgi has proven optimal in reducing vitreous shrinkage from dehydration. This method of fixation and tissue processing appeared to be useful in evaluating lesions of the vitreous and their relationship to their surroundings.},
   keywords = {Animals
Carbon Dioxide
Cattle
Histological Techniques
*Lasers
Microscopy, Electron
Swine
Vitreous Body/anatomy & histology/*radiation effects/ultrastructure},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6434376},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Scheiffarth1984,
   author = {Scheiffarth, O. F. and Ludwig, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and von Meyer, L.},
   title = {Chemical studies of intraocular lenses after experimental generation of lesions by a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {222},
   number = {1},
   pages = {43-4},
   note = {0721-832X (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {It is theoretically possible that lesions generated by a Q-switched Nd-YAG laser could lead to chemical changes in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lenses. These changes could be of clinical relevance. Therefore, we measured the residual monomer content of intraocular lenses before and after generation of lesions by means of a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser. Despite the explosive destruction of the lens surface caused by this type of laser, there is no measurable release of monomer in the sense of a depolymerization of the PMMA material, even when over 100 lesions are generated. The lesions generated on intraocular PMMA lenses with the Nd-YAG laser are predominantly of a mechanical nature and include the chipping away of small particles from the intraocular lens.},
   keywords = {Lasers/*adverse effects
*Lenses, Intraocular
Methylmethacrylates/*radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6510725},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1984,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Augengefährdung durch Lasereffekte in Diskotheken},
   journal = {Sozialpädiatrie Prax Klin},
   volume = {6},
   number = {9},
   pages = {487-494},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1984,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B.},
   title = {The change in light reflection of the retina during therapeutic laser photocoagulation},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {20},
   number = {12},
   pages = {1481-1489},
   year = {1984},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Weinberg, W. and Greite, J. H. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Complications in laser coagulation with the panfunduscope]},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {5},
   pages = {434-7},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Fluorescein Angiography/adverse effects/*instrumentation
Humans
Iris/injuries
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens Nucleus, Crystalline/injuries
Lens, Crystalline/injuries
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6873800},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Diddens,
   author = {Diddens, H. and Niethammer, D. and Jackson, R. C.},
   title = {Patterns of cross-resistance to the antifolate drugs trimetrexate, metoprine, homofolate, and CB3717 in human lymphoma and osteosarcoma cells resistant to methotrexate},
   journal = {Cancer Res},
   volume = {43},
   number = {11},
   pages = {5286-92},
   note = {Diddens, H
Niethammer, D
Jackson, R C
CA 18129/CA/NCI NIH HHS/
Cancer Res. 1983 Nov;43(11):5286-92.},
   abstract = {Methotrexate (MTX)-resistant sublines of malignant human cells were selected in vitro by stepwise increase in drug concentration in the medium. By this procedure a subline of Burkitt's lymphoma cells (RAJI) was made 290-fold resistant (RAJI/MTX-R), T-cell leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) were obtained 210-fold resistant (CEM/MTX-R), and 3 MTX-resistant human osteosarcoma lines were selected: TE-85/MTX-R (19-fold resistant; relative to wild-type); MG-63/MTX-R (8-fold resistant); and SAOS-2/MTX-R (200-fold resistant). We also studied a B-cell lymphoblastoid line, WI-L2/m4, that was 13,000-fold resistant. Assay of cellular dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) showed the following pattern of activity in resistant cell lines, relative to parental cell activity: RAJI/MTX-R, 550-fold increased; CEM/MTX-R, unchanged; TE-85/MTX-R, 4-fold increased; MG-63/MTX-R, 6-fold increased; SAOS-2/MTX-R, unchanged; and WI-L2/m4, 110-fold increased. Measurement of MTX membrane transport showed decreased uptake in CEM/MTX-R and SAOS-2/MTX-R, relative to parental cell lines. The other DHFR-overproducing cells all gave normal initial MTX uptake rates but increased total uptake. The DHFR-overproducing lines all had significant cross-resistance to both metoprine and trimetrexate; the two lines with defective MTX transport were not cross-resistant, and the CEM/MTX-R cells showed collateral sensitivity to these agents. Only minor cross-resistance to homofolic acid was found in all MTX-resistant lines. The highly MTX-resistant RAJI/MTX-R and WI-L2/m4 cells showed minor cross-resistance to the dual inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase and DHFR, CB3717 (5- and 15-fold, respectively). These studies demonstrated that, depending upon the mechanism of resistance, MTX-resistant human tumor cells may be effectively killed by antifolates with different routes of uptake into cells, or with a different enzyme target. Thus, there are at least three functionally distinct classes of folate antagonist with antitumor activity.},
   keywords = {Antineoplastic Agents/*toxicity
Biological Transport
Burkitt Lymphoma/drug therapy/metabolism
Cell Line
Drug Resistance
Folic Acid/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
Folic Acid Antagonists/*therapeutic use
Humans
Kinetics
Leukemia, Lymphoid/drug therapy/metabolism
Lymphoma/*drug therapy/metabolism
Methotrexate/metabolism/*therapeutic use
Osteosarcoma/drug therapy/metabolism
Pyrimethamine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use/toxicity
Quinazolines/therapeutic use/toxicity
Structure-Activity Relationship
T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
Trimetrexate},
   year = {1983}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Thermal versus photochemical damage in the retina--thermal calculations for exposure limits},
   journal = {Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K},
   volume = {103 ( Pt 4)},
   pages = {422-7},
   note = {0078-5334 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Different kinds of damage can be produced by intense light irradiation of the retina. These types of damage can be separated into changes which are induced by photochemical or thermal effects in the tissue. Photochemical damage occurs mainly with intense irradiation of a few seconds or longer whereas thermal effects appear to prevail at irradiation times in the 1 ms to 1000 ms-range. Distinction between photochemical and thermal damage is very difficult because both types of injury appear as disorders in the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer segments of the photoreceptors. A thermal model has therefore been developed which takes into account the light absorption in the different layers of RPE and choroid and allows the calculation of the temporal development of temperature at each site and depth of the fundus. Model calculations are used to correlate exposure parameters (wavelength, irradiance, exposure time etc.) with the resulting temperature profiles. This correlation leads to a better distinction between exposure limits for thermal and photochemical damage of the retina.},
   keywords = {Burns/etiology
Heat/*adverse effects
Humans
Light/*adverse effects
Models, Biological
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/injuries/radiation effects
Retina/*injuries/radiation effects
Temperature},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6600144},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1983,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Experimental studies of laser thermal retinal injury},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {44},
   number = {5},
   pages = {519-31},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {In damage tests conducted on rabbit and monkey eyes, the threshold values for retinal damage resulting from different laser radiation were determined. The reproduction of the "worst-case" situation was ensured by the test apparatus. All physical parameters, such as power/energy, exposure time, and retinal spot, were carefully controlled. Probit analysis showed a very precise determination of the threshold values based on ophthalmoscopical visibility. The attempt of a simple physical interpretation of the thresholds leads to contradictions in major points, so a detailed calculation of damage functions and thermal model calculations are necessary.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Macaca
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries
AutoPhoN},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6853172},
   year = {1983},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1982,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and May, S. and Weinberg, W.},
   title = {Die Beeinflussung der Aderhautdurchblutung durch Argonlaserkoagulation. Ein Vergleich zwischen Kaninchen und Affe.},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {2},
   pages = {159-62},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Choroid/*blood supply/pathology
Humans
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca mulatta
Rabbits
Radiation Dosage},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6892217},
   year = {1982},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1982,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R and Gabel, V P},
   title = {Automatisch dosierte Photokoagulation zur Erzielung reproduzierbarer Efekte am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol},
   volume = {79},
   number = {2},
   pages = {155-8},
   note = {0723-8045 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Disease Models, Animal
Light Coagulation/*methods
Rabbits
Retina/*pathology
Retinal Diseases/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7184835},
   year = {1982},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1981,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Gabel, V P and Birngruber, Reginald and Lorenz, B and Müller, W},
   title = {Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Weißfärbung in Korrelation zur Schadensausdehnung bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {78},
   pages = {603-606},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Der Einfluß der Expositionsparameter auf die Schadensausdehnung bei der Netzhautkoagulation, dargestellt anhand eines thermischen Modells.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {78},
   pages = {599-602},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Weinberg1981,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Correlation of the Extent of Lesions with Exposition Parameters in Retinal Photo-Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {273-273},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900061},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Weinberg, W. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Thermal Modeling in Retinal Photo-Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {273-273},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900062},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Gefahren und Schutzmöglichkeiten beim Umgang mit Lasern.},
   journal = {Z prakt Augenheilkd},
   volume = {2},
   number = {1},
   pages = {17-19},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1981,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Ophthalmology as a Pioneer in the Use of Lasers in Medicine},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {178},
   number = {3},
   pages = {229-229},
   note = {Lq030
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981LQ03000039},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1981,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Functional and Morphological-Studies on the Choroid inside Ring-Shaped Laser Coagulations},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {13},
   number = {5},
   pages = {267-267},
   note = {Mc979
Times Cited:2
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1981MC97900044},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1981,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {A comparative study of threshold laser lesions in the retinae of human volunteers and rabbits},
   journal = {Health Phys},
   volume = {40},
   number = {2},
   pages = {238-40},
   note = {0017-9078 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Adult
Animals
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects
Middle Aged
Rabbits
Retina/*injuries},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7216803},
   year = {1981},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lorenz1981,
   author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Kampik, A.},
   title = {Netzhautveränderungen innerhalb von ringförmigen Laserkoagulationen aufgrund von Zirkulationsstörungen in der Aderhaut.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {78},
   pages = {607-611},
   year = {1981},
url ={ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-88589-1_118},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1980,
   author = {Birngruber, Reginald and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Kain, H.},
   title = {Der Einfluß der Aderhautdurchblutung auf die Entstehung von thermischen Läsionen am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {77},
   pages = {705-710},
   year = {1980}
}

@article{Boergen1980,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gorisch, W.},
   title = {Laser-Induced Endovascular Thrombosis as a Possibility of Selective Vessel Closure},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {157-157},
   note = {Ju200
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1980JU20000073},
   year = {1980},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Boergen1980,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Göttinger, W.},
   title = {[Possibilities for ocular vessel coagulation (author's transl)]},
   journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {177},
   number = {4},
   pages = {492-9},
   note = {0023-2165 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Present-day possibilities of influencing pathological ocular vessels using an argon laser are presented. A distinction is made here between indirect methods such as area coagulation and direct methods with which specific vessels are treated. Whereas clinical tests involving vessel coagulation with pigmented epithelium absorption have already been carried out more or less successfully, selective vessel coagulation with hemoglobin absorption is still largely at the experimental stage. Our own experiments on animals have shown, however, that with the selection of a suitable coagulation technique and the use of suitable exposure parameters, vessel occlusion can be induced with the argon laser. To achieve this, shortening of the exposure times is particularly necessary.},
   keywords = {Aged
Animals
Diabetic Retinopathy/*surgery
Humans
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Mesentery/blood supply
Middle Aged
Neovascularization, Pathologic
Rats
Retinal Vessels/*radiation effects},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6166787},
   year = {1980},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1980,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Kain, H.},
   title = {Heat Convection in the Choroid during Laser Coagulation},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Research},
   volume = {12},
   number = {3},
   pages = {157-157},
   note = {Ju200
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0030-3747},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1980JU20000072},
   year = {1980},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Gabel1980,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Comperative Experiments on Laser Threshold in Rabbits and Human Volunteers},
   booktitle = {Proc. 3rd Internat. Congress for Laser Surgery, Part II},
   editor = {Gabler, V P and Birngruber, Reginald},
   series = {Laser Surgery},
   publisher = {OT-PAZ},
   pages = {246-249},

}

@inproceedings{Weinberg1980,
   author = {Weinberg, W and Birngruber, Reginald and Gabel, V P and Kain, H},
   title = {Influence of Choroidal Blood Flow in Retinal Laser Coagulation},
   booktitle = {Proc. 3rd Internat Congress for Laser Surgery, Part II},
   editor = {Kaplan I, Asher PW},
   series = {Laser Surgery},
   publisher = {OT-PAZ},
   pages = {242-243},

}

@inbook{Birngruber1980,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Thermal Modeling in Biological Tissues},
   booktitle = {Lasers in Biology and Medicine},
   editor = {Hillenkamp F, Pratesi R, Sacchi CA},
   series = {Nato Advanced Study Institute Series A-Life Sciences},
   address = {New York},
   volume = {34},
   pages = {77-97},
   year = {1980}
}

@article{Gabel1980,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Nichtionisiernde Strahlung: anwendung, Wirkungen, Schutzmaßnahmen, Strahlenbelastung bei speziellen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Eingriffen, Strahlenexposition bei der Computertomographie},
   journal = {Strahlenschutz Forsch Prax, Sonderdruck},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {57-64},
   note = {0081-5888 (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Eye Injuries/etiology/prevention & control
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects
Occupational Diseases/prevention & control
Rabbits
Radiation Effects
*Radiation Protection},
   year = {1980}
}

@article{BGB1979,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Drechsel, E. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Minimal spot size on the retina formed by the optical system of the eye},
   journal = {Int Ophthalmol},
   volume = {1},
   number = {3},
   pages = {175-8},
   note = {0165-5701 (Print)
In Vitro
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {A knowledge of the quality of the ocular optical system is of primary importance in light- and laser-photocoagulation of the fundus. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the minimal spot size of a Helium-Neon laser focused on the retina of rabbits: freshly enucleated eyes were carefully mounted in a specially designed eye holder. A small hole was then trepanized through the sclera and neural retina in the macular region. A minimal spot was produced on the retina and the spot size was measured by scanning the intensity distribution of an enlarged image. It was shown that a diffraction limited spot size can be obtained under certain circumstances. The light scattering out of the focus, however, is about fify percent.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Lasers/therapeutic use
*Ocular Physiology
*Optics
Rabbits
Retina},
   year = {1979}
}

@article{Hillenkamp1979,
   author = {Hillenkamp, F. and R, Birngruber and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Laserschäden an Gewebe und Organen und ihre tierexperimentelle Untersuchung},
   journal = {PBT-OPT},
   volume = {8},
   pages = {93-112},
   year = {1979},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1979,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birnngruber, R.},
   title = {Klinische Folgerungen aus der Xanthophylleinlagerung in der Netzhautmitte.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {76},
   pages = {475-478},
   year = {1979}
}

@article{Gabel1979,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and McCord, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Comparison of temperature measurements and fundus reflectometry in laser coagulation},
   journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {169-73},
   note = {0077-0078 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Color
*Fundus Oculi
*Heat
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Time Factors},
   year = {1979}
}

@inproceedings{Gabel1979,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Physical and Medical Aspects of Laser Safety},
   booktitle = {Laser 79, Opto-Electronics Conference proceedings},
   editor = {Waidlich, W.},
   publisher = {IPC Science and Technology Press Ltd.},
   pages = {6555-6591},
year = { 1979}

}

@article{Diddens,
   author = {Diddens, H. and Dorgerloh, M. and Zahner, H.},
   title = {Metabolic products of microorganisms. 176. On the transport of small peptide antibiotics in bacteria},
   journal = {J Antibiot (Tokyo)},
   volume = {32},
   number = {1},
   pages = {87-90},
   note = {Diddens, H
Dorgerloh, M
Zahner, H
JAPAN
J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1979 Jan;32(1):87-90.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism
Biological Transport
Escherichia coli/*metabolism
Immunodiffusion
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Mutation
Peptides/*metabolism},
   year = {1979}
}

@article{Birngruber1979,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Fundusreflektometrie, thermische Modellrechnungen und Temperaturmessungen als Hilfsmittel zur Optimierung der Bestrahlungsparameter bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut.},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {76},
   pages = {563-567},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-87151-1_99},
   year = { 1979}
}

@article{Boergen1979,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Experimental studies on argon laser coagulation of small blood vessels},
   journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {174-83},
   note = {0077-0078 (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Arteries/*surgery
Arterioles/*surgery/ultrastructure
Blood Coagulation
Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use
Microscopy/methods
Neovascularization, Pathologic
Rats
Retinal Vessels/surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=95029},
   year = {1979},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Boergen1979,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Möglichkeiten einer selektiven Gefäßkoagulation am Augenhintergrund - Konsequenzen aus tierexperimentellen Modelluntersuchungen},
   journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {76},
   pages = {561},
   year = {1979},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Boergen1978,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Brandl, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[The significance of hemoglobin absorption for selective vascular coagulation]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   number = {75},
   pages = {416-20},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Arteries/*radiation effects
Arterioles/*radiation effects
Hemoglobins/*radiation effects
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Rats},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=570389},
   year = {1978},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Welscg1978,
   author = {Welsch, H. and Birngruber, R. and Boergen, K. P. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Spectral light absorption in whole blood with reference to the dispersion]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   number = {75},
   pages = {415},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Blood/*radiation effects
*Light
Scattering, Radiation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=743131},
   year = {1978},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Stefani1978,
   author = {Stefani, F. H. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Q-switched ruby laser induced damage of the adult rabbit lens capsule},
   journal = {Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {206},
   number = {1},
   pages = {49-55},
   note = {0065-6100 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The technique of Q-switched ruby laser induced mechanical destruction of the lens capsule was used to study the reactions of the adult rabbit lens. The defect produced in the anterior lens capsule was larger than the 40-60 micrometer focus, which was due to rolled-up edges of the capsule. Long-term observations revealed some decrease in size of developing localized opacification and a healing of the defect by outgrowing lens epithelium with the formation of a new capsule. The rupture of the posterior capsule led to a slowly progressive opacification with little intraocular macrophage reaction.},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens, Crystalline/*injuries/pathology
Macrophages/physiology
Rabbits
Time Factors},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=306208},
   year = {1978},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Gabel1978,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Visible and near infrared light absorption in pigment epithelium and choroid.},
   booktitle = {XXIII Concilium Ophthalmologicum},
   editor = {Shimizu, Koichi},
   series = {International Congress Series No. 450},
   pages = {658-662},
year = { 1978},
URL = { https://www.bmo.uni-luebeck.de/fileadmin/files/publications/Gabel__1978_Proc._SPIE_Visible_and_near_infrared_light_absorption_in_pigment_epithelium_and_choroid.pdf}

}

@article{Weinberg1978,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and McCord, R. C. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Boergen, K. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Simultanmessung von Temperaturverlauf und Weißfärbungen am Augenhintergrund während Laserkoagulationen},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus Deutsche Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, Bericht über die 75. Zusammenkunft in Heidelberg 1977},
   pages = {411-4},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
*Fundus Oculi
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Methods
Rabbits
*Temperature},
   year = {1978}
}

@article{Rauhut1977,
   author = {Rauhut, D and Gabel, V P and Birngruber, Reginald and Hillenkamp, F},
   title = {Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen von Neodymlaserläsionen bei Kaninchen},
   journal = {Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft},
   volume = {Sonderdruck},
   pages = {407-12},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Argon
Choroid/radiation effects
Lasers/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Melanocytes
Microscopy, Electron
Sclera/radiation effects},
   year = {1977}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Stefani, F. H. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Q-switched ruby laser damage of the rabbit eye lens},
   journal = {Adv Ophthalmol},
   volume = {34},
   pages = {158-63},
   note = {0065-3004 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Results on Q-switched ruby laser damage to lenses of Chinchilla grey rabbits are reported. Threshold irradiances of about 10(10)W/cm2 are shown to be necessary for lens damage. The minimal lesions consist of empty bubbles about 1 mm in diameter. Energy consideration as well as histologic investigation of the lesions indicate a mechanical damage process following a light-induced absorption in the focus. Retinal damage accompanied lenticular damage in all cases},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects
Lens, Crystalline/*injuries/ultrastructure
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=868688},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Drechsel1977,
   author = {Drechsel, E. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Measurement of the size of the focus in the rabbit]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {413-7},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Biophysics
Eye/*radiation effects
Lasers
Light
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577764},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Stefani1977,
   author = {Stefani, F. H. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {[Lens injuries due to rubin laser giant impulses]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {403-6},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Lasers/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use
Lens, Crystalline/*injuries
Rabbits},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577762},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Boergen1977,
   author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Intravital microscopic studies on the selective coagulation of small vessels by means of the argon laser]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {428-34},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Capillaries/*surgery
Hematoma/etiology
Hemorrhage/etiology
Lasers/*standards/*therapeutic use
Microscopy
Rats
Thrombosis/etiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577767},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1977,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {[Individual differences in light absorption in the fundus oculi in the visible and the infrared spectral region]},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   volume = {74},
   pages = {418-21},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Absorption
Fundus Oculi/*physiology
Humans
Infrared Rays
Light},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577765},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lund1977,
   author = {Lund, O. E. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[A colour-television-system for lectures and clinical training in ophthalmology (author's transl)]},
   journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {171},
   number = {2},
   pages = {287-93},
   note = {0023-2165 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {First experiences with a new Colour-TV-System in the University Eye-Clinic Munich are reported. The system is described in detail and special problems of fitting the TV-cameras to the ophthalmological instruments such as operation microscopes, slit lamps and fundus cameras are described.},
   keywords = {Color
*Education, Medical, Graduate
Germany, West
Hospitals, University
Humans
Ophthalmology/*education
*Television},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=916612},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Weinberg1977,
   author = {Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, Reginald and McCord, R.},
   title = {Zur Messung der Korrelation von Temperaturverteilung und Lichtreflexion am Augenhintergrund bei Laser-Koagulation},
   booktitle = {GSF-Bericht BPT 5},
   volume = {17},

}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Fundusreflektometrie während Laserkoagulationen},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Opghthalmologischen Gesellschaft},
   pages = {422-7},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Biophysics
Fundus Oculi
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/radiation effects
Rabbits
*Refraction, Ocular},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577766},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{BGB1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Fundus reflectometry: a step towards optimization of the retina photocoagulation},
   journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol},
   volume = {18},
   pages = {383-90},
   note = {Birngruber, R
Gabel, V P
Hillenkamp, F
SWITZERLAND
Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1977;18:383-90.},
   abstract = {A method is described for monitoring the light reflected from exposed areas during and after argon laser photocoagulation of rabbit eyes. The light serves as a measure of the retinal blanching and thus of the tissue reaction. It is shown, that the reflected light changes its time-dependent behavior qualitatively if hemorrhages occur. The energy necessary for a therapeutic coagulation is shown to decrease with decreasing exposure time as does the therapeutic band width for clinical coagulations. A relationship between exposure time and therapeutic band width was found and is discussed.},
   keywords = {Animals
*Fundus Oculi
*Laser Therapy
Lasers/adverse effects/*methods
Photometry/*methods
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery
Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology
AutoPhoN},
   year = {1977}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Ippi, F.},
   title = {Fernsehanlage in der Augenklinik der Universität München - ein Mittel zur Intensivierung von Forschung und Lehre in der Medizin.},
   journal = {Grundig Techn Info 6, Fernseh- und Kintechn},
   volume = {31/7},
   pages = {245-247},
   year = {1977},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@book{Gabel1976,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Die Lichtabsorption am Augenhintergrund},
   publisher = {Ges f Strahlen- und Umweltforschung},
   address = {München},
   series = {GSF-Bericht A 55},
   year = {1976}
}

@article{Lund1976,
   author = {Lund, O. E. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Diathermieverfahren, Licht-/Laserkoagulation, Kryokoagulation. Experimentelle und klinische Uberlegungen},
   journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd},
   volume = {168},
   number = {05},
   pages = {603-12},
   note = {0023-2165 (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The clinical and experimental results from the methods of coagulation currently in use are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of trans-scleral methods (diathermy and cryopexy) and trans-ocular methods (Xenon arc and argon laser) are discussed. Experiments on absorption, the mode of action of intense light, the optimal time and method of application, the necessary intensity and the extent of the coagulated area are communicated. Of the trans-scleral methods, cryopexy is to be prefered. The trans-ocular methods have the advantage of a more exact localisation and dosage. Either route can often be chosen in any particular case, though at present no overriding advantage has been shown for either.},
   keywords = {*Cryosurgery/adverse effects/methods
*Diathermy/adverse effects/methods
Humans
Lasers/adverse effects/methods/therapeutic use
*Light Coagulation/adverse effects/methods
Retina/pathology
Retinal Detachment/*surgery
Time Factors},
   year = {1976}
}

@article{Birngruber1976,
   author = {Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Audivisuelle Anlage der Augenklinik München},
   journal = {Grundig-Electronic-Information},
   year = {1976},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1976,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Boergen, K. P.},
   title = {Ophthalmoscopic Therapeutic Problems and Laser Personnel},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {169},
   number = {5},
   pages = {669-669},
   note = {Cq473
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1976CQ47300042},
   year = {1976},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Diddens1976,
   title        = {On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria},
   author       = {Diddens, H. and Zähner, H. and Kraas, E. and Gohring, W. and Jung, G.},
   year         = 1976,
   journal      = {Eur J Biochem},
   volume       = 66,
   number       = 1,
   pages        = {11--23},
   note         = {Diddens, H Zahner, H Kraas, E Gohring, W Jung, G GERMANY, WEST Eur J Biochem. 1976 Jun 15;66(1):11-23.},
   abstract     = {The two tripeptide antibiotics L-2-amino-4-methylphosphinobutyryl-alanyl-alanyl-alanine (L-phosphinothricyl-alanyl-alanine) and L-(N5-phosphono)methionine-S-sulfoximinyl-alanyl-alanine, both inhibitors of the glutamine synthetase, are transported into the cell of Escherichia coli K 12 via the oligopeptide transport system. The uptake by this system is proved first of all by cross-resistance with tri-L-ornithine using oligopeptide-transport-deficient mutants, and secondly by antagonism tests demonstrating competitive reversal of the action of the antibiotic by several peptides which have been shown to be transported via the oligopeptide transport system, e.g. tri-L-alanine, tetra-L-alanine, tri-L-lysine, tri-L-serine, tri-glycine, glycyl-glycyl-L-alanine and the synthetic tripeptide L-azadenyl-aminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine. On the other hand, there is no effect on the action of the antibiotic in antagonism tests with compounds which use different transport systems, such as L-alanyl-alanine, L-lysyl-lysine, glutathione and the synthetic amino acid azaadenylaminohexanoic acid, i.e. 2-amino-6-(7-amino-3H-v-triazolo-[4,5-d]-pyrimidin-3-yl)hexanoic acid. Another inhibitor of the glutamine synthetase, L-methionine-S-dioxide (methioninesulfone) could be converted into a tripeptide form by linkage to L-alanyl-alanine analogously to the tripeptide antibiotics described above. Whereas the free L-methionine-S-dioxide seems to be transported via the methionine transport system, the tripeptide form is transported via the oligopeptide transport system. Thus, this glutamine synthetase inhibitor can be taken up by the cell via two different transport mechanisms. Our results indicate that this could provide a synergistic effect. The syntheses of the new tripeptides L-azaadenylaminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine and L-methionine-S-dioxidyl-alanyl-alanine were performed by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide couplings of the unusual N-protected L-alpha-amino acids azaadenylaminohexanoic acid and L-methionine-S-dioxide to L-alanyl-alanine-tert-butyl ester followed by common deprotection steps. Tri-L-ornithine was synthesized without carboxyl protection via two successive couplings of hydroxybenzotriazol esters of Nalpha-butoxycarbonyl-Ndelta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-ornithine.},
   keywords     = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism/pharmacology Biological Transport Cell Survival/drug effects Diffusion Escherichia coli/drug effects/*metabolism Fourier Analysis Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/antagonists & inhibitors Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis/*metabolism/pharmacology Protein Conformation Structure-Activity Relationship}
}

@article{Diddens1976,
   author = {Diddens, H. and Zähner, H. and Kraas, E. and Gohring, W. and Jung, G.},
   title = {On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria},
   journal = {Eur J Biochem},
   volume = {66},
   number = {1},
   pages = {11-23},
   note = {Diddens, H
Zahner, H
Kraas, E
Gohring, W
Jung, G
GERMANY, WEST
Eur J Biochem. 1976 Jun 15;66(1):11-23.},
   abstract = {The two tripeptide antibiotics L-2-amino-4-methylphosphinobutyryl-alanyl-alanyl-alanine (L-phosphinothricyl-alanyl-alanine) and L-(N5-phosphono)methionine-S-sulfoximinyl-alanyl-alanine, both inhibitors of the glutamine synthetase, are transported into the cell of Escherichia coli K 12 via the oligopeptide transport system. The uptake by this system is proved first of all by cross-resistance with tri-L-ornithine using oligopeptide-transport-deficient mutants, and secondly by antagonism tests demonstrating competitive reversal of the action of the antibiotic by several peptides which have been shown to be transported via the oligopeptide transport system, e.g. tri-L-alanine, tetra-L-alanine, tri-L-lysine, tri-L-serine, tri-glycine, glycyl-glycyl-L-alanine and the synthetic tripeptide L-azadenyl-aminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine. On the other hand, there is no effect on the action of the antibiotic in antagonism tests with compounds which use different transport systems, such as L-alanyl-alanine, L-lysyl-lysine, glutathione and the synthetic amino acid azaadenylaminohexanoic acid, i.e. 2-amino-6-(7-amino-3H-v-triazolo-[4,5-d]-pyrimidin-3-yl)hexanoic acid. Another inhibitor of the glutamine synthetase, L-methionine-S-dioxide (methioninesulfone) could be converted into a tripeptide form by linkage to L-alanyl-alanine analogously to the tripeptide antibiotics described above. Whereas the free L-methionine-S-dioxide seems to be transported via the methionine transport system, the tripeptide form is transported via the oligopeptide transport system. Thus, this glutamine synthetase inhibitor can be taken up by the cell via two different transport mechanisms. Our results indicate that this could provide a synergistic effect. The syntheses of the new tripeptides L-azaadenylaminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine and L-methionine-S-dioxidyl-alanyl-alanine were performed by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide couplings of the unusual N-protected L-alpha-amino acids azaadenylaminohexanoic acid and L-methionine-S-dioxide to L-alanyl-alanine-tert-butyl ester followed by common deprotection steps. Tri-L-ornithine was synthesized without carboxyl protection via two successive couplings of hydroxybenzotriazol esters of Nalpha-butoxycarbonyl-Ndelta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-ornithine.},
   keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism/pharmacology
Biological Transport
Cell Survival/drug effects
Diffusion
Escherichia coli/drug effects/*metabolism
Fourier Analysis
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/antagonists & inhibitors
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis/*metabolism/pharmacology
Protein Conformation
Structure-Activity Relationship},
   year = {1976}
}

@article{Greite1975,
   author = {Greite, J. H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Low intensity argon laser coagulation in central serous retinopathy (csr)},
   journal = {Ophthalmologica},
   volume = {171},
   number = {3},
   pages = {214-43},
   note = {0030-3755 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {Mechanisms of light coagulation effects in RPE and detached retina are discussed. 25 cases of CSR are presented in which the leaking point in the RPE was coagulated with an argon laser coagulator, the exposure parameters being set to avoid a whitening of the retina. The results suggest that the retinal whitening and consequently retinal damage does not constitute a criterium for coagulation effectiveness in CSR.},
   keywords = {Adult
*Argon
Fluorescein Angiography
Fundus Oculi
Humans
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
Male
Middle Aged
Retinal Artery/radiography
Retinal Detachment/*therapy
Retinal Vein/radiography
Retinal Vessels/radiography},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1169740},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1975,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Development of Laser Lesions in Fundus},
   journal = {Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde},
   volume = {167},
   number = {4},
   pages = {624-624},
   note = {Ay079
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0023-2165},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1975AY07900026},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wallow1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. L. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F. and Lund, O. E.},
   title = {Retinal Reactions to Intense Light .1. Threshold Lesions - Experimental, Morphological and Clinical Studies of Pathological and Therapeutic Effects of Laser-Light and White-Light},
   journal = {Advances in Ophthalmology},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {159-232},
   note = {Cz545
Times Cited:23
Cited References Count:151},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1975CZ54500004},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Lund1975,
   author = {Lund, O. E. and Wallow, I. H. and Hillenkamp, F. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.},
   title = {Zur experimentellen Laser-Einwirkung am Auge},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelbert 1973"},
   number = {73},
   pages = {360-362},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {*Accident Prevention
Eye Injuries/*prevention & control
Humans
Lasers/*adverse effects/standards},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1242947},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wallow1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Clinical and histological studies following argon-laser effect on the retina. --Histo-pathological evaluation of laser injuries for the assessment of a functional injury threshold for laser},
   journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges},
   number = {73},
   pages = {374-86},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Eye Injuries/*etiology/pathology
Haplorhini
Lasers/*adverse effects
Retina/*injuries/pathology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812474},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1977,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Wallow, I. H. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {Über Rubin-Laserschwellenwertuntersuchungen an der Netzhaut},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973"},
   number = {73},
   pages = {367-74},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Haplorhini
Lasers/adverse effects/*standards
Rabbits
Retina/injuries/*physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812473},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gabel1975,
   author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Wallow, I. H. and Schmolke, W.},
   title = {Über die Lichtabsorption am Augenhintergrund},
   journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunt der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973"},
   number = {73},
   pages = {362-7},
   note = {0070-427X (Print)
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Absorption
Animals
Choroid/physiology
*Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Humans
*Light
Rabbits
Retina/physiology},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812472},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{BGB1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F. and Lund, O. I.},
   title = {Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht
},
   journal = {Adv Ophthalmol},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {159-232},
   note = {0065-3004 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The effects of intense light produced by an argon laser, a helium-neon laser and a xenon are photocoagulator in the retinas of gray chinchilla rabbits, cynomolgus monkeys, and rhesus monkeys were studied clinically and histopathologically including electron microscopy. An improved experimental set-up was used allowing a very good consistency of the inflicted lesions. Threshold lesions were produced in chinchilla rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys by an argon laser and a helium-neon laser. The lesions were evaluated ophthalmoscopically and histograms were drawn indicating ophthalmoscopic ED50 values. For the two lasers examined these values were 12 and 17 mW, respectively, for exposure durations in the range of the blink reflex (125-150 msec). Histopathologically, ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions of both laser types showed evidence of thermal damage of the outer retinal half. This damage was principally identical in both species involving the retinal pigment epithelium and the full extension of the photoreceptor cells up to their synapses within the outer plexiform layer. The ophthalmoscopic threshold value was associated, therefore, with an irreversible loss of visual function within the retinal area concerned. No evidence for primary sites of significant energy absorption within the neural retina was found. The width of ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions was determined by measuring within the histologic sections with a microscope and a calibrated graticule the extension of damage at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium and at the level of the outer nuclear layer. In the cynomolgus monkey for ophthalmoscopic argon laser threshold lesions the extension at the level of the RPE was 70-80 mum in diameter and at the level of the outer nuclear layer it was 40-50 mum in diameter. Laser lesions that had a diameter of 60 mum at the level of the RPE and of 30 mum at the level of the outer nuclear layer were ophthalmoscopically subvisible. It is concluded that probably also in man such laser lesions, as well as various other pathologic changes of this size or smaller, cannot be evaluated by clinical ophthalmoscopy. The ophthalmoscopic threshold was correlated with a histopathologic threshold as defined by minimal histopathologic damage. Very likely, such damage lies within the range of functional recovery, and the histopathologic threshold demarcates at the same time the decisive functional threshold. The conversion ratio between histopathologic-functional and ophthalmoscopic threshold for argon lesions in cynomolgus monkeys was somewhat greater than 3, e.i. the ophthalmoscopic threshold was more than 3 times higher than the histopathologic-functional threshold. Using this data together with additional biologic and optical considerations, a safety threshold for man for cw-lasers within the visible spectrum was estimated to be 1-2 mW.},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Helium
Humans
*Lasers/methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca
Macaca fascicularis
Neon
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/ultrastructure
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/*surgery/ultrastructure
Retinal Diseases/*etiology/pathology},
   year = {1975}
}

@article{Kinder1975,
   author = {Kinder, J. and Hutzler, P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Fernsehübertragung stereoskopischer Bilder},
   journal = {Biomed Techn},
   volume = {20},
   pages = {297-298},
   year = {1975},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{BGB1975,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F. and Lund, O. I.},
   title = {Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht
},
   journal = {Adv Ophthalmol},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {159-232},
   note = {0065-3004 (Print)
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The effects of intense light produced by an argon laser, a helium-neon laser and a xenon are photocoagulator in the retinas of gray chinchilla rabbits, cynomolgus monkeys, and rhesus monkeys were studied clinically and histopathologically including electron microscopy. An improved experimental set-up was used allowing a very good consistency of the inflicted lesions. Threshold lesions were produced in chinchilla rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys by an argon laser and a helium-neon laser. The lesions were evaluated ophthalmoscopically and histograms were drawn indicating ophthalmoscopic ED50 values. For the two lasers examined these values were 12 and 17 mW, respectively, for exposure durations in the range of the blink reflex (125-150 msec). Histopathologically, ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions of both laser types showed evidence of thermal damage of the outer retinal half. This damage was principally identical in both species involving the retinal pigment epithelium and the full extension of the photoreceptor cells up to their synapses within the outer plexiform layer. The ophthalmoscopic threshold value was associated, therefore, with an irreversible loss of visual function within the retinal area concerned. No evidence for primary sites of significant energy absorption within the neural retina was found. The width of ophthalmoscopic threshold lesions was determined by measuring within the histologic sections with a microscope and a calibrated graticule the extension of damage at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium and at the level of the outer nuclear layer. In the cynomolgus monkey for ophthalmoscopic argon laser threshold lesions the extension at the level of the RPE was 70-80 mum in diameter and at the level of the outer nuclear layer it was 40-50 mum in diameter. Laser lesions that had a diameter of 60 mum at the level of the RPE and of 30 mum at the level of the outer nuclear layer were ophthalmoscopically subvisible. It is concluded that probably also in man such laser lesions, as well as various other pathologic changes of this size or smaller, cannot be evaluated by clinical ophthalmoscopy. The ophthalmoscopic threshold was correlated with a histopathologic threshold as defined by minimal histopathologic damage. Very likely, such damage lies within the range of functional recovery, and the histopathologic threshold demarcates at the same time the decisive functional threshold. The conversion ratio between histopathologic-functional and ophthalmoscopic threshold for argon lesions in cynomolgus monkeys was somewhat greater than 3, e.i. the ophthalmoscopic threshold was more than 3 times higher than the histopathologic-functional threshold. Using this data together with additional biologic and optical considerations, a safety threshold for man for cw-lasers within the visible spectrum was estimated to be 1-2 mW.},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Helium
Humans
*Lasers/methods/*therapeutic use
Macaca
Macaca fascicularis
Neon
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/ultrastructure
Rabbits
Retina/pathology/*surgery/ultrastructure
Retinal Diseases/*etiology/pathology},
   year = {1975}
}

@article{BGB1974,
   author = {Wallow, I. H. and Lund, O. E. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.},
   title = {A comparison of retinal argon laser lesions in man and in cynomolgus monkey},
   journal = {Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol},
   volume = {189},
   number = {3},
   pages = {159-64},
   note = {0065-6100 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   keywords = {Animals
Argon
Choroid Neoplasms
Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery
Disease Models, Animal
Epithelium/pathology
Eye Injuries/pathology
Fundus Oculi
Haplorhini
Humans
*Lasers/*therapeutic use
*Macaca
Male
Melanoma
Middle Aged
Ophthalmoscopy
Photoreceptors/pathology
Retina/*injuries},
   year = {1974}
}

@article{Wartak2020,
   author = {Wartak, A;Schenk, M S.;Bühler, V;Kassumeh, S A.;Birngruber, R and Tearney, G J.},
   title = {Micro-optical coherence tomography for high-resolution morphologic imaging of cellular and nerval corneal micro-structures},
keywords = {High numerical aperture optics,Image metrics,Image processing,Image quality,Optical coherence tomography,Optical imaging},
   journal = {Biomedical Optics Express},
   volume = {11(10)},
  
DOI = { https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.402971},
   pages = {5920-5933},
   
   year = { 2020},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Schulz-Hildebrandt2019,
author = {Schulz-Hildebrandt, Hinnerk and Meyer-Schell, Naja and Casper, Malte and Evers, Michael and Birngruber, Reginald and Manstein, Dieter and H{\"{u}}ttmann, Gereon},
booktitle = {Proc. SPIE 11073, Clinical and Preclinical Optical Diagnostics II},
doi = {10.1117/12.2527087},
isbn = {9781510628397},
number = {110730L},
pages = {1--3},
title = {{Monitoring temperature induced phase changes in subcutaneous fatty tissue using an astigmatism corrected dynamic needle probe}},
keywords = {OCT, Endoskope},
year = { 2019}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel2018,
   author = {Uzunbajakava, N E; Varghese, B; Botchkareva, N V; Verhagen, R and Vogel, A},
   title = {Highlighting the nuances behind interaction of picosecond pulses with human skin: Relating distinct laser-tissue interactions to their potential in cutaneous interventions},
   booktitle = {Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE},
   volume = {10492} ,
   DOI = {10.1117/12.2307804},
   year = {2018},
date = {2018-20-02},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2018}
}

@inproceedings{Bliedtner2017,
   author = {Bliedtner, K; Seifert, E; Brinkmann, R and  Amelink A},
   title = {Real Time Speckle Monitoring to Control Retinal Photocoagulation},
   booktitle = {Proc. SPIE},
   
   pages = {1041308-1-7},
  
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2287815},
Year = { 2017}
}

@book{Strauch2017-3,
   author = {Strauch, M;Konijnenberg, S;Shao, Y and Urbach, H P},
   title = {Wavefront shaping with an electrowetting liquid lens using surface harmonics (Conference Presentation)},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {10073},
   series = {SPIE BiOS},
   url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2252854},
   year = { 2017 },
   type = {Book}
}

@inproceedings{Bliedtner2016,
   author = {Bliedtner, Katharina and Seifert, Eric and Stockmann, Leoni and Effe, Lisa and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Towards real time speckle controlled retinal photocoagulation},
   volume = {9693},
   pages = {96931A-96931A-6},
   note = {10.1117/12.2212703},
   abstract = {Photocoagulation is a laser treatment widely used for the therapy of several retinal diseases. Intra- and inter-individual variations of the ocular transmission, light scattering and the retinal absorption makes it impossible to achieve a uniform effective exposure and hence a uniform damage throughout the therapy. A real-time monitoring and control of the induced damage is highly requested. Here, an approach to realize a real time optical feedback using dynamic speckle analysis is presented. A 532 nm continuous wave Nd:YAG laser is used for coagulation. During coagulation, speckle dynamics are monitored by a coherent object illumination using a 633nm HeNe laser and analyzed by a CMOS camera with a frame rate up to 1 kHz. It is obvious that a control system needs to determine whether the desired damage is achieved to shut down the system in a fraction of the exposure time. Here we use a fast and simple adaption of the generalized difference algorithm to analyze the speckle movements. This algorithm runs on a FPGA and is able to calculate a feedback value which is correlated to the thermal and coagulation induced tissue motion and thus the achieved damage. For different spot sizes (50-200 μm) and different exposure times (50-500 ms) the algorithm shows the ability to discriminate between different categories of retinal pigment epithelial damage ex-vivo in enucleated porcine eyes. Furthermore in-vivo experiments in rabbits show the ability of the system to determine tissue changes in living tissue during coagulation.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2212703},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2016}
}

@inproceedings{Baade2015,
   author = {Baade, A and Schwarzer, W and Koinzer, S and Schlott, K and Birngruber, R and Brinkman, R},
   title = {Power-controlled temperature guided retinal photocoagulation },
   booktitle = {Photonic West BIOS},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083042},
year = { 2015}
}

@article{Niu2015,
   author = {Niu, C. J. and Fisher, C. and Scheffler, K. and Wan, R. and Maleki, H. and Liu, H. and Sun, Y. and A. Simmons, C. and Birngruber, R. and Lilge, L.},
   title = {Polyacrylamide gel substrates that simulate the mechanical stiffness of normal and malignant neuronal tissues increase protoporphyin IX synthesis in glioma cells},
   journal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},
   volume = {20(9)},
   Year = { 2015},
   DOI = {10.1117/1.JBO.20.9.098002},
  
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Buj14,
   author = {Buj, C and Horstmann, J and Münter, M and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Speckle-based holographic detection for non-contact Photoacoustic Tomography},
   booktitle = {48th annual conference of the German Society for Biomedical Engineering},
   volume = {59},
   pages = {844-847},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
Year = { 2014}
}

@inproceedings{Evers2013,
   author = {Evers, Michael and Welford, David and Manstein, Dieter and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Mid-infrared laser spectroscopy using a tunable gain-switched Cr2+: ZnSe laser},
   booktitle = {Studierendentagung},
   publisher = {Unversität zu Lübeck},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
URL = { http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.727.5163&rep=rep1&type=pdf},
year = { 2013}
}

@inproceedings{Wurster2013,
   author = {Wurster, Lara M and Warger, W C and Gora, M J and Carruth, R and Tearny, G J and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Design and development of a miniaturized scanning probe},
   booktitle = {Studierendentagung},
   publisher = {Universität zu Lübeck},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
URL = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.726.9913&rep=rep1&type=pdf},
year = { 2013}
}

@inproceedings{Theisen-Kunde2013,
   author = {Theisen-Kunde, D. and Wolken, H. and Ellebrecht, D. and Danicke, V. and Wurster, L. and Kleemann, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Investigation of water spray to reduce collateral thermal damage during laser resection of soft tissue},
   volume = {8803},
   pages = {88030F-88030F-4},
   note = {10.1117/12.2032384},
   abstract = {To reduce unwanted collateral thermal damage to surrounding tissue and organs during laparoscopic laser dissection (cw, wavelength: 1.9μm) of porcine liver water spray was used. Size and amount of the produced water droplets of the water spray were photographed by short time imaging and analyzed by imaging software. At in vivo measurements on fresh porcine liver the depth of thermal damage was reduced by 85 % with water spray and the lateral size of thermal damage at the tissue surface could be reduced by 67%. This results show that especially for laparoscopic laser surgery water spray application might be a useful tool to avoid unwanted collateral thermal damage.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2032384},
   type = {Conference Proceedings}
}

@inproceedings{Rohde2013,
   author = {Rohde, Ingo and Masch, Jennifer- M. and Theisen-Kunde, Dirk and Marczynski-Bühlow, Martin and Lutter, Georg and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Cardiovascular damage after cw and Q-switched 2μm laser irradiation},
   volume = {8803},
   pages = {88030I-88030I-6},
   note = {10.1117/12.2033550},
   abstract = {Aiming for laser-assisted resection of calcified aortic valve structures for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), a Q-switched Tm:YAG laser emitting at a wavelength of 2.01 μm was used to evaluate the cutting efficiency on highly calcified human aortic leaflets in-vitro. The calcified aortic leaflets were examined regarding ablation rates and debris generation, using a pulse energy of 4.3 mJ, a pulse duration of 0.8-1 μs and a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The radiation was transmitted via a 200 μm core diameter quartz fiber. Resection was performed in a fiber-tissue contact mode on water-covered samples in a dish. The remnant particles were analyzed with respect to quantity and size by light microscopy. Additionally, soft tissue of porcine aortic vessels was examined for histologically detectable thermo-mechanical damage after continuous wave and Q-switched 2μm laser irradiation. An ablation rate of 36.7 ± 25.3 mg/min could be realised on highly calcified aortic leaflets, with 85.4% of the remnant particles being <6 μm in diameter. The maximum damaged area of the soft tissue was < 1 mm for both, cw and pulsed laser irradiation. This limits the expected collateral damage of healthy tissue during the medical procedure. Overall, the Q-switched Tm:YAG laser system showed promising results in cutting calcified aortic valves, transmitting sufficient energy through a small flexible fibre.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2033550},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2013}
}

@inproceedings{Bliedtner2013,
   author = {Bliedtner, Kathrin and Seifert, Eric and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Temperature induced tissue deformation monitored
by dynamic speckle interferometry},
   booktitle = {Studierendentagung},
   publisher = {Universität zu Lübeck},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2013},
url = { http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.714.8862&rep=rep1&type=pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Horstmann2013,
   author = {Horstmann, Jens and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Non-contact photoacoustic tomography using holographic full field detection},
   publisher = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {8800},
   pages = {880007-880007-6},
   note = {10.1117/12.2033599},
   abstract = {An innovative very fast non-contact imaging technique for Photoacoustic Tomography is introduced. It is based on holographic optical speckle detection of a transiently altering surface topography for the reconstruction of absorbing targets. The surface movement is obtained by parallel recording of speckle phase changes known as Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry. Due to parallelized 2-D camera detection and repetitive excitation with variable delay with respect to the image acquisition, data recording of whole volumes for Photoacoustic Imaging can be completed in times far below one second. The size of the detected area is scalable by optical magnification. As a proof of concept, an interferometric setup is realized, capable of surface displacement detection with an axial resolution of less than 3 nm. The potential of the proposed method for in vivo Photoacoustic Imaging is discussed.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2033599},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2013}
}

@inproceedings{Fink2013,
   author = {Fink, Peer K and Hillmann, Dierck and Franke, Gesa L and Ramm, Dirk and Koch, P and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Stray light rejection by structured illumination},
   booktitle = {Studierendentagung},
   publisher = {Universität zu Lübeck},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2013}
}

@inproceedings{Klawitter2013,
   author = {Klawitter, Dominico and Hillmann, Dierck and Pieper, M and Steven, Philipp and Wenzel, J and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Speckle variance optical coherence tomography for
imaging microcirculation},
   booktitle = {Studierendentagung},
   publisher = {Universität zu Lübeck},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
url = { http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.716.940&rep=rep1&type=pdf},
year = { 2013}
}

@inproceedings{
   author = {Just, T. and Wiechmann, T. and Stachs, O. and Stave, J. and Guthoff, R. and Huttmann, G. and Pau, H. W.},
   title = {Confocal endomicroscopy of the larynx},
   editor = {Nikiforos, Kollias and Bernard, Choi and Haishan, Zeng and Hyun Wook, Kang and Bodo, E. Knudsen and Brian Jet-Fei, Wong and Justus, F. Ilgner and Krzysztof, Izdebski and Melissa, J. Suter and Stephen, Lam and Matthew, Brenner and Kenton, W. Gregory and Guillermo, J. Tearney and Laura, Marcu and Henry, Hirschberg and Steen, Madsen and Anita, Mahadevan-Jansen and Jansen, E. Duco and Andreas, Mandelis},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {8207},
   pages = {82072H},

}

@inproceedings{Ansari2012,
   author = {Ansari, Rehman and Aherrahrou, Redouane and Aherrahrou, Zouhair and Erdmann, Jeanette and Huttmann, Gereon and Schweikard, Achim},
   title = {Quantitative analysis of cardiomyocyte dynamics with optical coherence phase microscopy},
   editor = {Joseph, A. Izatt and James, G. Fujimoto and Valery, V. Tuchin},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {8213},
   pages = {821338},
year = { 2012},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.911781}

}

@inproceedings{Spahr2012,
   author = {Spahr, Hendrik and Rudolph, Linda and Muller, Heike and Birngruber, Reginald and Huttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Imaging of photothermal tissue expansion via phase sensitive optical coherence tomography},
   editor = {Joseph, A. Izatt and James, G. Fujimoto and Valery, V. Tuchin},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {8213},
   pages = {82131S},
year = { 2012},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.911429}

}

@inproceedings{Hüttmann2012,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Orzekowsky-Schröder, R.},
   title = {Imaging of immune cell dynamics in small intestine and the eye  by 2-photon microcopy},
   booktitle = {7th Workshop on Advanced Multiphoton and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Techniques (FLIM 2012)},
year = { 2012},
   abstract = {Autofluorescence based 2-photon microscopy was investigated as a
tool for studying the dynamics of immunological processes in vivo. Nearly
all tissue components were simultaneously visible by autofluorescence and a
nearly complete visualization of tissue architecture was possible. Within
the tissue, immune competent cells like lymphocytes, macrophages and
dendritic cells were visualized in their dynamic interaction with other
cells or surrounding tissues.
Immunological processes were studied in the small intestine and at the
surface of the eye. Excitation and emission spectra of the different mucosal
tissue components were quantitatively determined and a compared to the
respective spectra of endogenous chromophores. It was shown, that by using
only two excitation wavelengths within the tuning range of a Ti:Saphire
laser enterocytes, antigen presenting cells and lysosomes of the small
intestine could be discriminated based on the excitation and emission
properties. By additionally using an intravital nuclear stain, motion of
lymphocytes in the lamina propria and the epithelium of small intestine
villi was quantitatively analyzed. 

2-photon microscopy was also a powerful tool for studying the conjunctiva
and cornea of the eye. Lymphocyte dynamics and uptake of microspheres or
fluorescing heat-inactivated E. coli was followed over time in the
conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue of mice. In a different mouse model
of suture induced corneal hem- and lymphangiogenesis, immune cell migration
into lymphatic vessels and luminal transport of individual cells was
observed in vivo.

Autofluorescence based 2-photon intravital microscopy is a valuable tool to
study dynamic immunological processes. While tissue autofluorescence gives a
good overview over all relevant structures and allows for discriminating
different cell types by spectral analysis, the additional combination of
specific staining with external dyes or fluorescent proteins is easily
possible and enhances the potential of the technique further. },

}

@inproceedings{Hagen-Eggert,
   author = {Hagen-Eggert, M. and Koch, P. and Huttmann, G.},
   title = {Analysis of the signal fall-off in spectral domain optical coherence tomography systems},
   editor = {Joseph, A. Izatt and James, G. Fujimoto and Valery, V. Tuchin},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {8213},
   pages = {82131K},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.910921},
   year = { 2012}

}

@inproceedings{Franke-2012,
   author = {Franke, Gesa Lilith and Hillmann, Dierck and Claussen, Thorsten and Luhrs, Christian and Koch, Peter and Huttmann, Gereon},
   title = {High resolution holoscopy},
   editor = {Joseph, A. Izatt and James, G. Fujimoto and Valery, V. Tuchin},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {8213},
   pages = {821324},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.911166},
year = { 2012}

}

@inproceedings{Otte2012,
   author = {Otte, Christoph and Huttmann, Gereon and Schlaefer, Alexander},
   title = {Feasibiliy of optical detection of soft tissue deformation during needle insertion},
   editor = {David, R. Holmes, III and Kenneth, H. Wong},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {8316},
   pages = {83160V},
year = { 2012},
url = { https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/8316/83160V/Feasibiliy-of-optical-detection-of-soft-tissue-deformation-during-needle/10.1117/12.912538.short}

}

@inproceedings{Fritz2011,
   author = {Fritz, Andreas and Zegelin, Andrea and Ptaszynski, Lars and Birngruber, Reginald and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Dynamics of laser induced micro bubble clusters on tissue phantoms},
   volume = {7885},
   pages = {78850S-78850S-6},
   note = {10.1117/12.875031},
   abstract = {Selective retina treatment (SRT) is a laser based method to treat retinal diseases associated with disorders of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) while preserving photoreceptors and choroid. Applying microsecond laser pulses to the 100- 200 strongly absorbing melanin granules inside the RPE cells induces transient micro bubbles which disrupt the cells. Aim of this work is to understand bubble dynamics in clusters with respect to the influence of the adjacent retina. Bubble dynamics were investigated in vitro on porcine RPE. An about 200 μm thick layer of agarose gel was applied to the RPE layer in order to simulate the mechanical properties of retina. Different laser pulse durations from 1 ns (532 nm, Nd:YAG) to 1.7 μs (527 nm, Nd:YLF) were used. The bubbles were investigated interferometrically (fiber interferometer @ 830 nm) and with fast flash photography (25 ns flash duration). Bubble lifetimes were measured. The results show that with retina phantoms the bubble formation threshold was reached at 2.5 times higher irradiation than without retina phantom for 1.7 μs laser pulses. The microbubbles generated with 1 ns laser pulses were almost not influenced by the agarose layer. Irradiation twofold over bubble formation threshold resulted in 3.5 times longer bubble lifetimes for μs and 2 times longer for ns pulse durations, respectively.},
   url = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/7885/1/Dynamics-of-laser-induced-micro-bubble-clusters-on-tissue-phantoms/10.1117/12.875031.short},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2011}
}

@inproceedings{Hagen-Eggert2011,
   author = {Hagen-Eggert, M. and Hillmann, D. and Koch, P. and Huttmann, G.},
   title = {Diffusion-sensitive Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography},
   editor = {James, G. Fujimoto and Joseph, A. Izatt and Valery, V. Tuchin},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {7889},
   pages = {78892B},

}

@article{Steven2011,
   author = {Steven, Philipp and Bock, Felix and Hüttmann, Gereon and Cursiefen, Claus},
   title = {Intravital Two-Photon Microscopy of Immune Cell Dynamics in Corneal Lymphatic Vessels},
   journal = {PLoS One},
   volume = {6(10)},  
url = { https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026253},
   pages = {e26253},
   abstract = {<sec> <title>Background</title> <p>The role of lymphatic vessels in tissue and organ transplantation as well as in tumor growth and metastasis has drawn great attention in recent years.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title> <p>We now developed a novel method using non-invasive two-photon microscopy to simultaneously visualize and track specifically stained lymphatic vessels and autofluorescent adjacent tissues such as collagen fibrils, blood vessels and immune cells in the mouse model of corneal neovascularization in vivo. The mouse cornea serves as an ideal tissue for this technique due to its easy accessibility and its inducible and modifiable state of pathological hem- and lymphvascularization.</p> <p>Neovascularization was induced by suture placement in corneas of Balb/C mice. Two weeks after treatment, lymphatic vessels were stained intravital by intrastromal injection of a fluorescently labeled LYVE-1 antibody and the corneas were evaluated in vivo by two-photon microscopy (TPM). Intravital TPM was performed at 710 nm and 826 nm excitation wavelengths to detect immunofluorescence and tissue autofluorescence using a custom made animal holder. Corneas were then harvested, fixed and analyzed by histology.</p> <p>Time lapse imaging demonstrated the first in vivo evidence of immune cell migration into lymphatic vessels and luminal transport of individual cells. Cells immigrated within 1–5.5 min into the vessel lumen. Mean velocities of intrastromal corneal immune cells were around 9 µm/min and therefore comparable to those of T-cells and macrophages in other mucosal surfaces.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>Conclusions</title> <p>To our knowledge we here demonstrate for the first time the intravital real-time transmigration of immune cells into lymphatic vessels. Overall this study demonstrates the valuable use of intravital autofluorescence two-photon microscopy in the model of suture-induced corneal vascularizations to study interactions of immune and subsequently tumor cells with lymphatic vessels under close as possible physiological conditions.</p> </sec>},
   year = { 2011}
}

@book{Vogel-2011-2,
   author = {Vogel, A and Venugopalan, V.},
   title = {Pulsed laser ablation of tissue},
   publisher = {Springer, Heidelberg, New York},
   edition = {2},
   year = { 2011}
}

@inbook{Vogel-2011,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Venugopalan, Vasan},
   title = {Pulsed Laser Ablation of Soft Biological Tissues},
   booktitle = {Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue},
   pages = {551-615},
   year = { 2011}
}

@inproceedings{Bonin2011,
   author = {Bonin, Tim and Koch, Peter and Huttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Comparison of fast swept source full-field OCT with conventional scanning OCT},
   editor = {Rainer, A. Leitgeb and Brett, E. Bouma},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {8091},
   pages = {80911K},
year = { 2011}

}

@inproceedings{Bonin2011,
   author = {Bonin, Tim and Hagen-Eggert, Martin and Franke, Gesa and Koch, Peter and Huttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Ultra highspeed in-vivo Fourier domain full-field OCT of the human retina},
   editor = {James, G. Fujimoto and Joseph, A. Izatt and Valery, V. Tuchin},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {7889},
   pages = {788906},
year = { 2011}

}

@inproceedings{Horstmann2011,
   author = {Horstmann, Jens and Baade, Alexander and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Photoacoustic blood vessel detection during surgical laser interventions},
   publisher = {SPIE ECBO},
   volume = {8092},
   pages = {80920Z-80920Z-6},
   note = {10.1117/12.889635},
   abstract = {This paper presents a discussion about the potential of photoacoustics with regard to its application in surgical assistance during minimally invasive, laser assisted interventions. Aim of the work is the detection of obscured large blood vessels in order to prevent unintentional dissection. Based on spectroscopic investigations of the target tissue (liver), a wavelength for the photoacoustic excitation laser was chosen with respect to a high absorption contrast between the vessel and the surrounding liver tissue. An experimental setup featuring a simple liver model is created. Preliminary results show, that vessels with a diameter of 2 mm can be detected up to a distance of 1 mm from the treatment fibre. It is shown, that detection of acoustic waves induced inside liver is feasible over distances higher than 10 cm.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.889635},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2011}
}

@inproceedings{Müller-2011-2,
   author = {Muller, Heike H. and Ptaszynski, Lars and Schlott, Kerstin and Bonin, Tim and Bever, Marco and Koinzer, Stefan and Birngruber, Reginald and Brinkmann, Ralf and Huttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Imaging of temperature distribution and retinal tissue changes during photocoagulation by high speed OCT},
   editor = {James, G. Fujimoto and Joseph, A. Izatt and Valery, V. Tuchin},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {7889},
   pages = {78890E},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.874788},
year = { 2011}

}

@inproceedings{Schlott2011,
   author = {Schlott, Kerstin and Koinzer, Stefan and Ptaszynski, Lars and Luft, Susanne and Baade, Alex and Bever, Marco and Roider, Johann and Birngruber, Reginald and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Optoacoustic temperature determination and automatic coagulation control in rabbits},
   booktitle = {Ophthalmic Technologies XXI },
   editor = {Ho, Fabrice Manns; Per G. Söderberg; Arthur},
   publisher = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {7885},
   note = {10.1117/12.875104},
   abstract = {Retinal laser photocoagulation is an established treatment method for many retinal diseases like macula edema or diabetic retinopathy. The selection of the laser parameters is so far based on post treatment evaluation of the lesion size and strength. Due to local pigment variations in the fundus and individual transmission the same laser parameters often lead to an overtreatment. Optoacoustic allows a non invasive monitoring of the retinal temperature increase during retinal laser irradiation by measuring the temperature dependent pressure amplitudes, which are induced by short probe laser pulses. A 75 ns/ 523 nm Nd:YLF was used as a probe laser at a repetition rate of 1 kHz, and a cw / 532 nm treatment laser for heating. A contact lens was modified with a ring-shaped ultrasonic transducer to detect the pressure waves at the cornea. Temperatures were collected for irradiations leading to soft or invisible lesions. Based on this data the threshold for denaturation was found. By analyzing the initial temperature increase, the further temperature development during irradiation could be predicted. An algorithm was found to calculate the irradiation time, which is needed for a soft lesion formation, from the temperature curve. By this it was possible to provide a real-time dosimetry by automatically switching off the treatment laser after the calculated irradiation time. Automatically controlled coagulations appear softer and more uniformly.},
   keywords = {AutoPhoN},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.875104},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2011}
}

@inproceedings{Hillmann2011,
   author = {Hillmann, Dierck and Luhrs, Christian  and Bonin, Tim  and Koch, Peter and Vogel, Alfred  and Huttmann, Gereon },
   title = {Holoscopy: holographic optical coherence tomography},
   editor = {Rainer, A. Leitgeb and Brett, E. Bouma},
   publisher = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {8091},
   pages = {80911H},
   url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?PSI/8091/80911H/1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.889485},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2011}
}

@inproceedings{Just2011,
   author = {Just, T. and Pau, H. W. and Lankenau, E. and Huttmann, G.},
   title = {OCT in the field of laryngology: further perspectives},
   editor = {Nikiforos, Kollias and Bernard, Choi and Haishan, Zeng and Hyun Wook, Kang and Bodo, E. Knudsen and Brian, J. Wong and Justus, F. R. Ilgner and Kenton, W. Gregory and Guillermo, J. Tearney and Laura, Marcu and Henry, Hirschberg and Steen, J. Madsen and Andreas, Mandelis and Anita, Mahadevan-Jansen and Jansen, E. Duco},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {7883},
   pages = {78831W},
Year = { 2011}

}

@inproceedings{Orzekowsky2010,
   author = {Orzekowsky-Schroeder, Regina and Klinger, Antje and Schuth, Anna and Freidank, Sebastian and Huttmann, Gereon and Gebert, Andreas and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Intravital real-time study of tissue response to controlled laser-induced cavitation using 500-ps UV laser pulses focused in murine gut mucosa under online dosimetry and spectrally resolved 2-photon microscopy},
   editor = {Daniel, L. Farkas and Dan, V. Nicolau and Robert, C. Leif},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {7568},
   pages = {756815},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.843102},
year = { 2010}

}

@inproceedings{Just,
   author = {Just, T. and Lankenau, E. and Huttmann, G. and Pau, H. W.},
   title = {An optical coherence tomography study for imaging the round window niche and the promontorium tympani},
   editor = {Nikiforos, Kollias and Bernard, Choi and Haishan, Zeng and Reza, S. Malek and Brian, J. Wong and Justus, F. R. Ilgner and Kenton, W. Gregory and Guillermo, J. Tearney and Laura, Marcu and Henry, Hirschberg and Steen, J. Madsen and Andreas, Mandelis and Anita, Mahadevan-Jansen and Jansen, E. Duco},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {7548},
   pages = {754833},

}

@inproceedings{Xie,
   author = {Xie, Y. and Bonin, T. and Loeffler, S. and Huettmann, G. and Tronnier, V. and Hofmann, U. G.},
   title = {Fiber spectral domain optical coherence tomography for in vivo rat brain imaging},
   editor = {Jurgen, Popp and Wolfgang, Drexler and Valery, V. Tuchin and Dennis, L. Matthews},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {7715},
   pages = {77152F},
year = { 2010},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.854798}

}

@article{Müller-2010,
   author = {Mueller, M. and Schulz-Wackerbarth, C. and Steven, P. and Lankenau, E. and Bonin, T. and Mueller, H. and Brueggemann, A. and Birngruber, R. and Grisanti, S. and Huettmann, G.},
   title = {Slit-lamp-adapted fourier-domain OCT for anterior and posterior segments: preliminary results and comparison to time-domain OCT},
   journal = {Curr Eye Res},
   volume = {35(8)},
 DOI = { 10.3109/02713683.2010.481069},
year = { 2010},
   pages = {722-32},
   note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Aug},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic potential of a slit-lamp (SL)-adapted Fourier-domain (= spectral radar, SR) optical coherence tomography (OCT)-SL-SR-OCT-instrument as an in vivo imaging device for use in examinations of the anterior and posterior segments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a pilot study, 88 eyes from 70 healthy volunteers and patients were examined using a prototype Fourier-domain SL-SR-OCT system. Results were compared to those from the following commercially available systems: the 1310-nm SL-OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) for anterior segment and the Stratus OCT (Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) for posterior segment imaging. Our SL-SR-OCT provides 1025 axial scans, 5000 Hz line-scan frequency, scan length of up to 8 mm, axial depth in air of 3.5 mm, and resolution of 9 mum. For posterior visualization, a hand-held 78-diopter ophthalmoscopic lens was used. RESULTS: Our SL-SR-OCT system allowed simultaneous scanning with direct biomicroscopic and SL imaging of anterior and posterior segment structures. Anatomical structures and pathological changes were displayed with high resolution and excellent contrast. Measurements of corneal and retinal thickness were possible. In comparison to images obtained by the SL-OCT, our SL-SR-OCT boasted a higher resolution, thus providing more clinically relevant details of the corneal epithelium, internal structure of filtering blebs, etc. Complete imaging of the chamber angle was limited, however, due to the backscattering properties of the sclera at 830 nm. For posterior segment imaging, excellent delineation of the macula and optic nerve head details, with a distinct portrayal of macular pathology and retinal edema, was possible with SL-SR-OCT. CONCLUSION: SL-SR-OCT enables detailed imaging of physiological and pathological anterior and posterior segment structures. As a multi-purpose device, it offers a wide spectrum of applications, with high-quality OCT-imaging, in a comfortable setting without the need to move the patient.},
  
}

@inproceedings{Fritz2009,
   author = {Fritz, A and Ptaszynski, L and Stoehr, H and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Dynamic of laser induced transient microbubble clusters},
   editor = {(BiOS), Conference on Biomedical Optics},
   publisher = {Proc SPIE},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2009},
URL = { https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=ECBO-2009-7373_0D}
}

@inproceedings{Langejürgen2009,
   author = {Langejürgen, J and Schlott, K and Bever, M and Hausmann, K and Koinzer, S and Ptaszynski, L and Roider, J and Birngruber, R and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Dependence of optoacoustic transients on exciting laser parameters for real-time monitoring of retinal photocoagulation},
   pages = {73730K-73730K},
   note = {10.1117/12.831913},
   abstract = {The extent of retinal laser coagulations depends on the temperature increase at the fundus and the time of irradiation. Due to light scattering within the eye and variable fundus pigmentation the induced temperature increase and therefore the extent of the coagulations cannot be predicted solely from the laser parameters. We use optoacoustics to monitor the temperature rise in real-time in vivo (rabbit) and ex vivo (porcine eye) and to automatically control the coagulation strength. Continuous wave treatment laser radiation and pulsed probe laser light (1-1100 ns) are coupled into the same fibre and are imaged onto the retina by a laser slit lamp. The temperature dependent pressure waves are detected by an ultrasonic transducer embedded in a customary contact lens. Below the coagulation threshold the increase in acoustic amplitude due to thermal tissue expansion is up to 40 %. Best signal to noise ratios > 10 are achieved with probe pulse durations of 1 to 75 ns. Further a time critical algorithm is developed which automatically ceases laser treatment when a certain preset coagulation strength is achieved. Coagulations with similar extent are obtained with this method in vitro and in vivo even when varying the power of the treatment laser by 50 %. These preliminary results are very promising, thus this method might be suitable for an automatic feedback controlled photocoagulation with adjustable coagulation strength.},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.831913},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
Year = { 2009}
}

@article{Steven-2009,
   author = {Steven, Philipp and Müller, Maya and Koop, Norbert and Rose, Christian and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Comparison of Cornea Module and DermaInspect for noninvasive imaging of ocular surface pathologies},
   journal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},
   volume = {14},
   number = {6},
   pages = {064040-064040},
   note = {10.1117/1.3275475},
   abstract = {Minimally invasive imaging of ocular surface pathologies aims at securing clinical diagnosis without actual tissue probing. For this matter, confocal microscopy (Cornea Module) is in daily use in ophthalmic practice. Multiphoton microscopy is a new optical technique that enables high-resolution imaging and functional analysis of living tissues based on tissue autofluorescence. This study was set up to compare the potential of a multiphoton microscope (DermaInspect) to the Cornea Module. Ocular surface pathologies such as pterygia, papillomae, and nevi were investigated in vivo using the Cornea Module and imaged immediately after excision by DermaInspect. Two excitation wavelengths, fluorescence lifetime imaging and second-harmonic generation (SHG), were used to discriminate different tissue structures. Images were compared with the histopathological assessment of the samples. At wavelengths of 730nm, multiphoton microscopy exclusively revealed cellular structures. Collagen fibrils were specifically demonstrated by second-harmonic generation. Measurements of fluorescent lifetimes enabled the highly specific detection of goblet cells, erythrocytes, and nevus-cell clusters. At the settings used, DermaInspect reaches higher resolutions than the Cornea Module and obtains additional structural information. The parallel detection of multiphoton excited autofluorescence and confocal imaging could expand the possibilities of minimally invasive investigation of the ocular surface toward functional analysis at higher resolutions.},
   year = { 2009}
}

@inproceedings{Hillmann,
   author = {Hillmann, Dierck and Huttmann, Gereon and Koch, Peter},
   title = {Using nonequispaced fast Fourier transformation to process optical coherence tomography signals},
   editor = {Peter, E. Andersen and Brett, E. Bouma},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {7372},
   pages = {73720R},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1364/ECBO.2009.7372_0R},
year = { 2009}

}

@inproceedings{Schlott2009,
   author = {Schlott, Kerstin and Langejürgen, Jens and Bever, Marco and Koinzer, Stefan and Birngruber, Reginald and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Time resolved detection of tissue denaturation during retinal photocoagulation},
   editor = {7373, Proc. SPIE},
   pages = {73730E-73730E},
   note = {10.1117/12.831877},
   abstract = {The retinal photocoagulation is an established treatment method for different retinal diseases. The extent of the thermal coagulations depends strongly on the generated temperature increase. Until now the dosage is based on a pool of experience of the treating physicians as well as the appearance of the whitish lesions on the retina. The temperature course during photocoagulation can be measured in real-time by optoacoustics. A frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YLF laser (523nm, 75 ns) is used for optoacoustic excitation and a continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser (532nm) with adjustable irradiation time and power for heating of the fundus tissue. The onset of coagulation is determined by a photodiode that is placed directly behind enucleated porcine eyes, which served as a model. The onset of coagulation is observed clearly when scattering sets in. The required power for coagulation increases exponentially with decreasing irradiation time. The first results on rabbit eyes in vivo indicate that the onset of coagulation defined by just barely visibile lesions at a slit lamp sets in at an ED50 threshold temperature of 63°C for an irradiation time of 400 ms. In conclusion, optoacoustics can be used to determine temperatures during retinal laser treatments in real-time. This allows evaluating the time-temperature-dependence of retinal coagulation in vivo.},
   keywords = {AutoPhoN},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.831877},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2009},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.168030}
}

@inproceedings{Steven-2008,
   author = {Steven, Philip and Koop, Norbert and Huttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Confocal microscopy versus two-photon microscopy: imaging of ocular surface pathologies},
   editor = {Ammasi, Periasamy and Peter, T. C. So},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {6860},
   pages = {686023},
year = { 2008}
}

@inproceedings{Just-2008,
   author = {Just, T. and Lankenau, E. and Huettmann, G. and Pau, H.W.},
   title = {Optical coherence tomography as a guide for cochlear implant surgery},
   booktitle = {Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging},
   editor = {Nikiforos, K. and Bernard, C. and Haishan, Z.},
   publisher = {SPIE 6842},
   pages = {F1-F6},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.771446},
year = { 2008}

}

@article{Kandulla,
   author = {Kandulla, J and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Non invasive real-time temperature determination during laser treatments at the retina},
   journal = {Photonik international},
   volume = {2008/1},
   pages = {42-45},
   year = { 2008}
}

@article{Steven2008,
   author = {Steven, P. and Rupp, J. and Huttmann, G. and Koop, N. and Lensing, C. and Laqua, H. and Gebert, A.},
   title = {Experimental induction and three-dimensional two-photon imaging of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue},
   journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci},
   volume = {49},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1512-7},
   note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Apr},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) is assumed to be a key location for the generation of adaptive immune mechanisms of the ocular surface, but functional studies of CALT are still lacking. The purpose of this study was to establish an animal model that enables functional analysis of immune mechanisms going on within CALT. In addition, the use of two-photon microscopy, a new optical method, was evaluated for examining complex immunologic interactions of CALT by volume (three-dimensional [3-D]) and time-dependence (four-dimensional [4-D]) in vivo. METHODS: The conjunctiva of female BALB/c mice was repeatedly challenged with topical Chlamydia trachomatis serovar C or a solution of ovalbumin and cholera toxin B. Two-photon microscopy was conducted on explanted, unfixed, and unstained eyes with adjacent nictitating membranes. RESULTS: After three to five stimulations, CALT was detected exclusively in the nictitating membrane of 73% (C. trachomatis) or 70% (ovalbumin/ cholera toxin) of the animals. CALT mainly consisted of CD45R/B220+ B cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Electron microscopy showed intraepithelial lymphocytes and follicles consisting of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Two-photon microscopy based on tissue autofluorescence allowed all components of CALT to be detected three dimensionally. High-resolution images were generated in tissue depths of 65 microm below the mucosal surface. CONCLUSIONS: This study introduces a novel mouse model for functional investigations of CALT. Topical stimulation with C. trachomatis or ovalbumin/cholera toxin B reliably leads to CALT generation at the nictitating membrane. The use of two-photon microscopy enables groundbreaking 3-D and, in the future, intravital 4-D investigations of immunologic processes initiated in CALT.},
   year = { 2008}
}

@article{Brinkmann2007-1,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selektive Retina-Therapie (SRT)},
   journal = {Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik},
   volume = {17(1)},
   number = {1},
   pages = {6-22},
   note = {276HP
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:42},
   abstract = {Selective Retina Therapy (SRT) is a new and very gentle laser method developed at the Medical Laser Center Lubeck. It is currently investigated clinically in order to treat retinal disorders associated with a decreased function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). SRT is designed to selectively effect the RPE while sparing the neural retina and the photoreceptors as well as the chorioidea. Aim of the therapy is the rejuvenation of the RPE in the treated areas, which should ideally lead to a long term metabolic increase at the chorio- retinal junction. In contrast to conventional laser photocoagulation, which is associated with a complete thermal necrosis of the treated site, SRT completely retains full vision. This paper reviews the methods and mechanisms behind selective RPE effects and reports the first clinical results. An online dosimetry technique to visualize the ophthalmoscopically invisible effects is introduced.},
   keywords = {selective cellular effects
optoacoustics
online dosimetry
rpe
mu s-laser pulses
macula oedema
rcs
pigment epithelium
diabetic maculopathy
laser irradiation
time regimen
damage
rpe
photocoagulation
absorption
mechanisms
radiation},
   ISSN = {0939-3889},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1016/j.zemedi.2006.11.002},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000254132200002},
   year = { 2007},
url = { https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17549989/},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Fritz2007,
   author = {Fritz, Andreas and Ptaszynski, Lars and Stoehr, Hardo and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Dynamics and detection of laser induced microbubbles in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)},
   volume = {6632},
   pages = {66321C-66321C-11},
   note = {10.1117/12.728344},
   abstract = {Selective Retina Treatment (SRT) is a new method to treat eye diseases associated with disorders of the RPE. Selective RPE cell damage is achieved by applying a train of 1.7 μs laser pulses at 527 nm. The treatment of retinal diseases as e.g. diabetic maculopathy (DMP), is currently investigated within clinical studies, however 200 ns pulse durations are under investigation. Transient micro bubbles in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are expected to be the origin of cell damage due to irradiation with laser pulses shorter than 50 μs. The bubbles emerge at the strongly absorbing RPE melanosomes. Cell membrane disruption caused by the transient associated volume increase is expected to be the origin of the angiographically observed RPE leakage. We investigate micro bubble formation and dynamics in porcine RPE using pulse durations of 150 ns. A laser interferometry system at 830 nm with the aim of an online dosimetry control for SRT was developed. Bubble formation was detected interferometrically and by fast flash photography. A correlation to cell damage observed with a vitality stain is found. A bubble detection algorithm is presented.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.728344},
   type = {Conference Proceedings}
}

@article{Vogel2007-7,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Lorenz, K. and Horneffer, V. and Hüttmann, G. and von Smolinski, D. and Gebert, A.},
   title = {Mechanisms of laser-induced dissection and transport of histologic specimens.},
   journal = {Biophys J},
   volume = {93},
   pages = {4481-4500},
   year = { 2007},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.102277}
}

@inbook{Vogel2007,
   author = {Vogel, A and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanoprocessing of biological cells and tissues},
   booktitle = {The Eigth International Conference on Laser Ablation (COLA 2005)},
   editor = {Herman, P. and Hess, W .},
   series = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
   volume = {59},
   pages = {249-254},
   year = { 2007}
}

@article{Brinkmann2007,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Stalljohann, J and Weber, B  and Schlott, K and Kandulla, J and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Retinal Temperature Determination During Laser Photocoagulation},
   journal = {Proc SPIE},
   volume = {6632},
   pages = {8},
   year = { 2007},
   type = {Proceeding}
}

@inbook{Vogel2007-4,
   author = {Vogel, A and Horneffer, V. and Lorenz, B. and Linz, N. and Freidank, S. and Hüttmann, G. and Gebert, A.},
   title = {Principles of laser microdissection and catapulting of histologic specimens and live cells},
   booktitle = {Laser Manipulation of Cells and Tissues, Methods in Cell Biology},
   editor = {Berns, M.  and Greulich, K.O.},
   publisher = {Academic Press Elsevier},
   address = {San Diego},
   volume = {82},
   pages = {153-205},
   year = { 2007}
}

@inproceedings{Stoehr2007-1,
   author = {Stoehr, Hardo and Ptaszynski, Lars and Fritz, Andreas and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Interferometric optical online dosimetry for selective retina treatment (SRT)},
   volume = {6426},
   pages = {642619-642619-7},
   note = {10.1117/12.708521},
   abstract = {In selective retina treatment (SRT) spatial confined tissue damage in the absorbing retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is obtained by applying microsecond laser pulses. The damage in the RPE is caused by transient microbubbles forming around the laser heated melanin granules inside the cells. For treatment of RPE related diseases, SRT is thought to share the therapeutic benefits of conventional photocoagulation but without affecting the photoreceptors. A drawback for effective clinical SRT is that the laser-induced lesions are ophthalmoscopically invisible. Therefore, a real-time feedback system for dosimetry is demanded in order to avoid undertreatment or unwanted collateral damage to the adjacent tissue. We develop a dosimetry system which uses optical interferometry for the detection of the transient microbubbles. The system is based on an optical fiber interferometer which is operated with a laser diode at 830nm. We present current results obtained with porcine RPE explants in vitro and complete porcine eye globes ex vivo.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.708521},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
Year = { 2007}
}

@inbook{Vogel2007-5,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Linz, N. and Freidank, S. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Chapter 18 Femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues},
   booktitle = {Handai Nanophotonics},
   editor = {Hiroshi Masuhara, Satoshi Kawata and Fumio, Tokunaga},
   publisher = {Elsevier},
   volume = {Volume 3},
   pages = {273-286},
   year = { 2007}
}

@inproceedings{Herrmann2007,
   author = {Herrmann, Katharina and Flöhr, Christian and Stalljohann, Jens and Apiou-Sbirlea, Gabriela and Kandulla, Jochen and Birngruber, Reginald and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Influence of choroidal perfusion on retinal temperature increase during retinal laser treatments},
   volume = {6632},
   pages = {66321D-66321D-7},
   note = {10.1117/12.728222},
   abstract = {In most retinal laser treatments the therapeutic effect is initiated by a transient temperature increase at and around the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Especially in long exposure time treatments like Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT) choroidal perfusion has a strong influence on the realized temperature at the fundus. The fundus blood circulation and therefore the heat dissipation is influenced by the intraocular pressure (IOP), which is investigated in the study presented here. In order to reduce the choroidal perfusion, the IOP is increased by injection of physiological saline solution into the eye of anaesthetized rabbits. The fundus is irradiated with 3.64 W/cm2 by means of a TTT-laser (λ = 810 nm) for t = 20 s causing a retinal temperature increase. Realtime temperature determination at the irradiated spot is achieved by a non invasive optoacoustic technique. Perfusion can be reduced by increasing IOP, which leads to different temperature increases when irradiating the retina. This should be considered for long time laser treatments.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.728222},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2007}
}

@inbook{Vogel2007-1,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Apitz, Ingo and Venugopalan, Vasan},
   title = {Phase transitions, material ejection, and plume dynamics in pulsed laser ablation of soft biological tissues},
   booktitle = {Oscillations, Waves and Interactions, T. Kurz, U. Parlitz, and U. Kaatze, eds.(Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, 2007)},
   pages = {217-258},
   year = { 2007}
}

@inproceedings{Theisen-Kunde2007,
   author = {Theisen-Kunde, D and Tedsen, S and Danicke, V and Herrmann, K and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Partial kidney resection by use of a 1,94 µm thulium fiber laser},
   booktitle = {Proc ECBO},
   series = {Therapeutic Laser Applications and Laser-Tissue Interactions},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {6632},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2007},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68764-1_72}
}

@inproceedings{Schlott2007,
   author = {Schlott, Kerstin and Stalljohann, Jens and Weber, Benjamin and Kandulla, Jochen and Herrmann, Katharina and Birngruber, Reginald and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Optoacoustic online temperature determination during retinal laser photocoagulation},
   volume = {6632},
   pages = {66321B-66321B-8},
   note = {10.1117/12.728291},
   abstract = {Retinal photocoagulation is an established treatment of different retinal diseases. The treatment relies on a short, local heating of the tissue which induces a denaturation. The resulting scar formation may for example prevent the further detachment of the retina. The extent of the coagulation is besides other parameters mostly dependent on the induced temperature increase. However, until today a temperature based dosimetry for photocoagulation does not exist. The dosage is rather based on the experience of the treating physicians to achieve visible whitish lesions on the retina. In this work a technique is presented, which allows an online temperature monitoring during photocoagulation. If an absorbing material is irradiated with short laser pulses, a thermoelastic expansion of the absorber induces an acoustic wave. Its amplitude is dependent on the temperature of the absorber. For analyzing the applicability of the optoacoustic temperature determination for dosimetry, measurements were performed on enucleated porcine eye globes. The pressure transients are detected by an ultrasonic transducer, which is embedded in an ophthalmologic contact lens. As long as no strong lesions occur, the determined temperatures are almost proportional to the power of the treatment laser. Using a spot diameter of 200 μm and different laser powers, the temperature rise at the end of the 400 ms irradiation was found to be approximately 0.16 °C/mW. The onset of the denaturation was observed around 50°C. The far aim of this project is an automatic regulation of the treatment laser onto a desired temperature course.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.728291},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2007}
}

@inbook{Vogel2007-6,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Noack, Joachim and Hüttman, Gereon and Paltauf, Günther},
   title = {Femtosecond Plasma-Mediated Nanosurgery of Cells and Tissues
Laser Ablation and its Applications},
   editor = {Phipps, Claude},
   series = {Springer Series in Optical Sciences},
   publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
   volume = {129},
   pages = {231-280},
   keywords = {Physics and Astronomy},
   year = { 2007}
}

@article{Kandulla,
   author = {Kandulla, J and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Nicht-invasive Echtzeit-Temperaturbestimmung während Laserbehandlungen an der Netzhaut des Auges},
   journal = {Photonik},
   URL = { https://www.photonik.de/technologie-applikation/158/21005/22},
   pages = {42-46},
   year = { 2007}
}

@inproceedings{Qu2007,
   author = {Qu, Xiaochao and Norbert, Koop and Li, Zheng and Wang, Jing and Zhang, Zhenxi and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of Karpas 299 cells using ACT1 antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles},
   volume = {6630},
   pages = {66301C-66301C-8},
   note = {10.1117/12.728239},
   abstract = {Due to the unique optical properties, gold nanoparticles (NPs) can play a useful role in biological cellular imaging as biological probes. Using multiphoton microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) system, we recorded the images of Karpas 299 cells incubated without, or with gold NPs, and ACT1 antibodies conjugated with gold NPs. From the FLIM, we can easily discriminate the difference among different experiment conditions due to the distinct lifetime between cells and gold NPs. Our results present that nonconjugated gold NPs are accumulated inside cells, but conjugated gold NPs bind homogeneously and specifically to the surface of cancer cells. For single Karpas 299 cells, the signal is very week when the excitation power is about 10mw; while the power is approximately 28 mw, a very sharp cell imaging can be obtained. For the Karpas 299 incubated with ACT1 conjugated gold NPs, while the excitation power is 10mw, gold NPs have clear fluorescence signal so that the profile of cells can be detected; Signal of gold NPs is very strong when the power arrived in 20mw. These results suggest that the multiphoton lifetime imaging of antibody conjugated gold NPs can support a useful method in diagnosis of cancer.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.728239},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2007}
}

@article{Vogel2006-1,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Apitz, I. and Freidank, S. and Dijkink, R.},
   title = {Sensitive high-resolution white-light Schlieren technique with a large dynamic range for the investigation of ablation dynamics},
   journal = {Opt. Lett.},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {1812-1814},
   year = { 2006},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.31.001812}
}

@article{Brinkmann2006,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Schuele, G. and Neumann, J. and Framme, C. and Pörkensen, E. and Elsner, H. and Theisen-Kunde, D and Roider, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selektive Retina Therapie - Methodik, Technik und Online-Dosimetrie},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {103},
   pages = {839-849},
   year = { 2006}
}

@inbook{Vogel2006-2,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Femtosecond plasma-mediated nanosurgery of cells and tissues.},
   booktitle = {Laser Ablation},
   editor = {), Phipps C (Hrsg.},
   publisher = { Springer, Heidelberg},
   pages = {217-262},
   year = { 2006}
}

@inproceedings{Kandulla2006,
   author = {Kandulla, J and Elsner, H and Sandeau, J and Birngruber, R and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Non-invasive optoacoustic temperature determination during retinal cw-laser treatments},
   booktitle = {Proc SPIE},
   volume = {6138},
   pages = {336-343},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2006},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.674409}
}

@article{Giese2006,
   author = {Giese, A. and Böhringer, H.J. and Leppert, J. and Kandelhardt, S.R. and Lankenau, E. and Koch, P. and Birngruber, R. and Hüttmann, G.},
   title = {Non-invasive intraoperative optical coherence tomography of the resection cavity during surgery of intrinsic brain tumors.},
   journal = {Proc SPIE},
   volume = {6078},
   pages = {495-502},
   year = { 2006},
url = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/6078/60782Z/Non-invasive-intraoperative-optical-coherence-tomography-of-the-resection-cavity/10.1117/12.674436.short},
   type = {Proceeding}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel-2006,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Linz, N. and Freidank, S. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues},
   booktitle = {4th International Congress on Laser Advanced Materials Processing},
Year = { 2006},
URL = { http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.713.4169&rep=rep1&type=pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Sandeau2006,
   author = {Sandeau, Julien and Caillibotte, Georges and Kandulla, Jochen and Birngruber, Reginald and Apiou-Sbirlea, Gabriela},
   title = {Modeling of conductive and convective heat transfers in retinal laser treatments},
   volume = {6138},
   pages = {61381A-61381A-9},
   note = {10.1117/12.673494},
   abstract = {Tumor thermo treatment such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) or transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) deal with long term and large laser spot exposures. The induced temperature increase is not exactly known [1]. Under these conditions convective heat transfers due to the blood flow in the choroid and the choriocapillaris must be considered in addition to the usually calculated heat conduction. From an existing analytical model defining a unique convective term for the whole fundus irradiated with Gaussian irradiance distribution lasers [2], we developed a numerical one allowing a precise modelling of convection and calculating heating evolution and temperature profiles of the fundus of the eye. The aim of this study is to present the modelling and several comparisons between experimental results [3] and numerical ones concerning the convective heat transfers inside the fundus of the eye.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.673494},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2006}
}

@inproceedings{Horneffer,
   author = {Horneffer, V. and Vogel, A. and Sägmüller, B. and Schütze, K.},
   title = {Microdissection, catapulting, and microinjection of biologic specimens with femtosecond laser pulses},
   booktitle = {SPIE/OSA Conference on Biomedical Optics ECBO,12.-16.06.2005},

}

@inproceedings{Kandulla2005,
   author = {Kandulla, J and Elsner, H and Hilmes, M and Hartert, C and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Optoacoustic temperature determination at the fundus of the eye during Transpupillary Thermotherapy},
   booktitle = {Proc SPIE},
   volume = {5688},
   pages = {208-214},
   keywords = {AutoPhoN},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.608406},
year = { 2005}
}

@article{Brinkmann2005,
   author = {Brinkmann, R; Kandulla, J; Elsner, H; Hilmes, M; Hartert, C and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Non-invasive real-time retinal temperature determination during TTT},
   journal = {Invest Ophthal & VisScie},
   
   note = {Suppl. S
911CZ
1406
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000227980401431},
   year = { 2005},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Daniltchenko,
   author = {Daniltchenko, D. and Sachs, M. and Lankenau, E. and König, F. and Burckhardt, M. and Hüttmann, G. and Kristiansen, G. and Schnorr, D. and Al-Shukri, S. and Löning, S.},
   title = {Ex vivo and in vivo topographics studies of bladder by optical coherence tomography},
   booktitle = {Saratov Fall Meeting 2004: Optical Technologies in Biophysics and Medicine VI},
   editor = {Tuchin, V.},
   publisher = {Proceedings 2005},
   volume = {5771},
   pages = {209-14},
year = { 2005},
URL = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/5771/0000/Ex-vivo-and-in-vivo-topographic-studies-of-bladder-by/10.1117/12.634810.short}

}

@inproceedings{Framme-2004,
   author = {Framme, C. and Alt, C. and Schnell, S. and Brinkmann, R. and Lin, C. P.},
   title = {Selektive RPE-Behandlung (SRT) durch Laserscanning eines CW- Lasers},
   booktitle = {102nd Congress Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft},
year = { 2004}

}

@inproceedings{Lankenau,
   author = {Lankenau, E. and Schumacher, M. and Koch, P. and König, F. and Daniltchenko, D. and Schmorr, D. and Hüttmann, G.},
   title = {Dispersion compensation for proximal scanning rigid OCT endoscopes},
   booktitle = {SPIE Proc.},
   volume = {5316},
   pages = {172-177},
Year = { 2004},
URL = { https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/5316/0000/Dispersion-compensation-for-proximal-scanning-rigid-OCT-endoscopes/10.1117/12.531312.short}

}

@inproceedings{Koch-2004,
   author = {Koch, Peter and Huettmann, Gereon and Schleiermacher, Hansfrieder and Eicholz, Joerg and Koch, Edmund},
   title = {Linear OCT system with down conversion of the fringe pattern},
   editor = {Valery, V. Tuchin and Joseph, A. Izatt and James, G. Fujimoto},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {5316},
   pages = {260-267},
Year = { 2004},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.531323}

}

@inproceedings{Apitz-2003,
   author = {Apitz, Ingo and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Material ejection in Q-switched Er:YAG laser ablation of water, liver, and skin},
   editor = {Steven, L. Jacques and Donald, D. Duncan and Sean, J. Kirkpatrick and Andres, Kriete},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {4961},
   pages = {48-59},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.477707},
year = { 2003}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel-2003,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Venugopalan, Vasan},
   title = {Kinetics of phase transitions in pulsed IR laser ablation of biological tissues},
   editor = {Steven, L. Jacques and Donald, D. Duncan and Sean, J. Kirkpatrick and Andres, Kriete},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {4961},
   pages = {66-74},
year = { 2003}
}

@inproceedings{Hüttmann2003,
   author = {Huettmann, Gereon and Radt, Benno and Serbin, Jesper and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Inactivation of proteins by irradiation of gold nanoparticles with nano- and picosecond laser pulses},
   editor = {Rudolf, W. Steiner},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {5142},
   pages = {88-95},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1364/ECBO.2003.5142_88},
year = { 2003}
}

@article{Brinkmann2003,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Ozdemir, M. and Alt, C. and Schule, G. and Lin, C. P. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Targeting of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by means of a rapidly scanned continuous wave (CW) laser beam},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {32(4)},
  year = { 2003},
url = { https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lsm.10150},
   pages = {252-64},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)}
}

@article{Vogel-2002-3,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Schmidt, P. and Flucke, B.},
   title = {Minimization of thermomechanical side effects and increase of ablation efficiency in IR ablation by use of multiply Q-switched laser pulses},
   journal = {SPIE Proc. Laser Tissue Interaction XIII},
   volume = {4617A},
   year = { 2002},
url = { https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/4617/0000/Minimization-of-thermomechanical-side-effects-and-increase-of-ablation-efficiency/10.1117/12.472512.short}
}

@article{Vogel-2002-2,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Low-density plasmas below the optical breakdown threshold: potential hazard for multiphoton microscopy, and a tool for the manipulation of intracellular events},
   journal = {Proc SPIE "Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences II"},
   volume = {4620},
   pages = {202-216},
   year = { 2002},
url = { https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/4620/0000/Low-density-plasmas-below-the-optical-breakdown-threshold--potential/10.1117/12.470693.short?SSO=1}
}

@article{Vogel2002,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred . and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Intraocular Nd: YAG Laser Surgery: Light-Tissue Interaction, Damage Range, and Reduction of Collateral Effects},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {26},
   pages = {2241-2260},
   year = { 2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Alt2002,
   author = {Alt, C and Framme, C and Schnell, S and Schuele, G and Brinkmann, R and Lin, C P},
   title = {In vivo and in vitro Selective Targeting of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Using a Laser-Scanning Device},
   booktitle = {Proc SPIE},
   volume = {4611},
   pages = {59-63},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.470607},
year = { 2002}
}

@article{Hoerauf2002,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Scholz, C. and Koch, P. and Engelhardt, R. and Laqua, H. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Transscleral optical coherence tomography: a new imaging method for the anterior segment of the eye},
   journal = {Arch Ophthalmol},
   volume = {120},
   number = {6},
   pages = {816-9},
   note = {0003-9950 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To present a new imaging method for the anterior segment of the eye. METHODS: Transscleral optical coherence tomographic images were generated in healthy volunteers using a slitlamp-adapted prototype equipped with a superluminescence diode with an infrared wavelength of 1310 nm. RESULTS: The optical coherence tomographic system used allowed penetration of human sclera in vivo and high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the anterior chamber angle and the ciliary body. CONCLUSION: The 1310-nm optical coherence tomographic image shows a significant potential as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for the anterior segment of the eye.},
   keywords = {Anatomy, Cross-Sectional/*methods
Anterior Eye Segment/*anatomy & histology
*Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
Humans
Interferometry
Light
Sclera
Tomography/methods},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12049589},
   year = { 2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Schuele-2002,
   author = {Schuele, Georg and Huettmann, Gereon and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Noninvasive temperature measurements during laser irradiation of the retina with optoacoustic techniques},
   editor = {Fabrice, Manns and Per, G. Soederberg and Arthur, Ho},
   publisher = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {4611},
   pages = {64-71},
year = { 2002},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.470601} 
}

@inproceedings{Vogel2001,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Brujan, Emil A and Schmidt, Peter and Nahen, Kester},
   title = {Interaction of Laser-Produced Cavitation Bubbles with Elastic Boundaries},
   booktitle = {IUTAM Symposium on Free Surface Flows},
   publisher = {Springer},
   pages = {327-335},
   ISBN = {9401038546},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2001}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel2001,
   author = {Vogel, Alfred and Brujan, Emil A and Schmidt, Peter and Nahen, Kester},
   title = {Interaction of laser-produced cavitation bubbles with an elastic tissue model},
   booktitle = {BiOS 2001 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics},
   publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
   pages = {167-177},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.434701},
year = { 2001}
}

@inproceedings{Rommerscheid2001,
   author = {Rommerscheid, Jan and Theisen, Dirk and Schmuecker, G. and Brinkmann, Ralf and Broll, R.},
   title = {Myocardial expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after endocardial laser revascularization (ELR)},
   volume = {4433},
   pages = {39-44},
   note = {10.1117/12.446529},
   abstract = {Background. Endocardial laser revascularization (ELR) is a new technique to treat patients with severe coronary artery disease (CAD) in a percutaneous approach. The results show a significant improvement of symptoms, but the mechanism of action is still unknown. One main theory is the angiogenesis for which Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is the keypromotor. We investigated immunohistochemically the VEGF-expression after ELR in porcine hearts over a timeperiod of four weeks. Methods. ELR was performed with a single-pulse Thulium:YAG laser. 15 pigs were treated with ELR and the hearts were harvested at five timeperiods: directly (group I), 3 days (group II), 1 week (group III), 2 weeks (group IV) and 4 weeks (group V) after ELR. Each group consisted of three pigs. Immunohistochemically the VEGF-expression was assessed by staining with a polyclonal antibody against VEGF and cellcounting using an expression index (VEGF-EI) Results. A maximum of VEGF-expression was found three days (group II) after ELR with a VEGF-EI of 97%. At 1 week (group III) the VEGF-EI was similar high with 93%. Along the timecourse the index decreased to 22% at 4 weeks (groupV). Conclusions. Our findings show that ELR leads to an local upregulation of VEGF around the channels. The resulting angiogenesis could be the mechanism for the relief of angina.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.446529},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2001}
}

@inproceedings{Guerra2001,
   author = {Guerra III, Arnold and Venugopalan, Vasan and Nahen, Kester and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Experimental investigation of optical breakdown using nanosecond 532-nm and 1064-nm laser pulses delivered at high numerical aperture},
   booktitle = {BiOS 2001 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics},
   publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
   pages = {74-82},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2001},
url = { https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/4260/0000/Experimental-investigation-of-optical-breakdown-using-nanosecond-532-nm-and/10.1117/12.426778.short}
}

@inproceedings{Brujan2000,
   author = {Brujan, Emil-Alexandru and Nahen, Kester and Schmidt, Peter and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubbles near an elastic boundary used as a tissue phantom},
   booktitle = {NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM: ISNA 15, 15th International Symposium},
   publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   volume = {524},
   pages = {381-384},
   ISBN = {0094-243X},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
Year = { 2000},
URL = { https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1309246}
}

@inproceedings{Nahen2000,
   author = {Nahen, Kester and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Acoustic signal characteristics during IR laser ablation and their consequences for acoustic tissue discrimination},
   booktitle = {BiOS 2000 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics},
   publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
   pages = {166-176},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
Year= { 2000}
}

@inproceedings{Godwin1999,
   author = {Godwin, Robert P. and Chapyak, Edward J. and Noack, J. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Aspherical bubble dynamics and oscillation times},
   series = {OSA Technical Digest},
   publisher = {Optical Society of America},
   pages = {CTuC3},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.350042},
Year = { 1999}
}

@inproceedings{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A and Scammon, R.J. and Godwin, R.P.},
   title = {Tensile stress generation by optical breakdown in tissue: experimental investigations and numerical simulations},
   booktitle = {Laser-Tissue Interaction X: Photochemical, Photothermal, and Photomechanical},
   publisher = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {3601},
   pages = {191-206},
Year = { 1999},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.350002}

}

@inproceedings{Nahen1998,
   author = {Nahen, Kester and Vogel, Alfred},
   title = {Acoustic spectroscopy of Er: YAG laser ablation of skin: first results},
   booktitle = {BiOS'98 International Biomedical Optics Symposium},
   publisher = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
   pages = {218-229},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year= { 1998}
}

@inproceedings{Diddens-1992,
   author = {Diddens, H.},
   title = {Role of multidrug resistance in photodynamic therapy},
   editor = {Thomas, J. Dougherty},
   publisher = {SPIE},
   volume = {1645},
   pages = {115-123},
year = { 1992},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60934}

}

@article{Brinkmann2006-2,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Roider, J. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selective retina therapy (SRT): a review on methods, techniques, preclinical and first clinical results},
   journal = {Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol},
   number = {302},
   pages = {51-69},
   note = {0081-0746 (Print)
Journal Article
Review},
   abstract = {Selective retina therapy (SRT) is a new laser procedure for retinal diseases that are thought to be associated with a degradation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The aim of the irradiation is to selectively damage the RPE without affecting the neural retina, the photoreceptors and the choroid. Goal of the treatment is to stimulate RPE cell migration and proliferation into the irradiated areas in order to improve the metabolism at the diseased retinal sites. In a pilot study more than 150 patients with soft drusen, retinopathia centralis serosa (RCS) and macular edema were treated. The first 3-center international trial targets diabetic macular edema and branch vein occlusion. In this review, selective RPE effects are motivated and two modalities to achieve selective RPE effects will be introduced: a pulsed and a continuous wave scanning mode. The mechanism behind selective RPE-effects will be discussed reviewing in vitro results and temperature calculations. So far clinical SRT is performed by applying trains of 30 laser pulses from a Nd:YLF-Laser (527 nm, 1.7 micros, 100 Hz) to the diseased fundus areas. In the range of 450-800 mJ/cm(2) per pulse, RPE-defects in patients were proved angiographically by fluorescein or ICG-leakage. The selectivity with respect to surrounding highly sensitive tissue and the safety range of the treatment will be reviewed. With the laser parameters used neither bleeding nor scotoma, proved by microperimetry, were observed thus demonstrating no adverse effects to the choroid and the photoreceptors, respectively. During and after irradiation, it shows that the irradiated locations are ophthalmoscopically invisible, since the effects are very limited and confined to the RPE, thus a dosimetry control is demanded. We report on a non-invasive opto-acoustic on-line technique to monitor successful RPE-irradiation and compare the data to those achieved with standard angiography one-hour post treatment.},
   keywords = {Fluorescein Angiography
Humans
Laser Coagulation/adverse effects/*methods
Multicenter Studies
Perimetry
Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology/surgery
Retinal Diseases/diagnosis/pathology/*surgery
Scotoma/etiology/prevention & control},
   year = {  2006}
}