1991
R.
Macfarlane,
A.
Teramura,
C. J.
Owen,
S.
Chase,
R.
Torre,
K. W.
Gregory,
J. W.
Peterson,
J. A.
Parrish,
N. T.
Zervas, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Treatment of vasospasm with a 480-nm pulsed-dye laser, J Neurosurg , vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 613-22, 1991.
Treatment of vasospasm with a 480-nm pulsed-dye laser, J Neurosurg , vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 613-22, 1991.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Macfarlane1991, author = {Macfarlane, R. and Teramura, A. and Owen, C. J. and Chase, S. and de la Torre, R. and Gregory, K. W. and Peterson, J. W. and Birngruber, R. and Parrish, J. A. and Zervas, N. T.}, title = {Treatment of vasospasm with a 480-nm pulsed-dye laser}, journal = {J Neurosurg}, volume = {75}, number = {4}, pages = {613-22}, note = {0022-3085 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.}, abstract = {Laser energy at a wavelength of 480 nm was applied in 1-microseconds pulses of 3 to 10 mJ to two models of vasospasm. Rabbit common carotid arteries (CCA's) were constricted chronically by the application of human blood within a silicone sheath. Peak vasospasm developed 24 to 48 hours later, and persisted for up to 6 days. Endovascular laser treatment was delivered to 40 CCA's via a 200-microns diameter silica quartz fiber introduced through the femoral artery. The CCA caliber increased from 60% of the pre-vasospasm control diameter to a minimum post-laser diameter of 83% of control. No instances of laser-induced perforation or of arterial thrombosis were observed for up to 60 days after treatment. Prophylactic laser application to nine normal vessels was able to attenuate the development of vasospasm if blood was applied immediately thereafter (88% vs. 59% of control diameter, p less than 0.02), but not if blood was applied 7 days later. Studies in 16 normal CCA's established that there was a considerable margin between the laser energy required to induce dilatation and that which caused perforation, providing that the fiber remained relatively central within the artery. Morphological examination demonstrated focal loss of endothelial cells immediately after laser application, followed approximately 7 days later by the development of areas of intimal hyperplasia. Only minimal changes were observed in the medial or adventitial layers. In a second study, the basilar artery of seven dogs was constricted chronically by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood 3 days apart. Five dogs received endovascular laser treatment 7 or 10 days after the first injection, when basilar artery diameter was reduced to a mean of 61% and 77% of control, respectively. Immediately following treatment, basilar artery diameter increased to 104% and 102% of resting diameter, respectively. Both untreated and laser-treated arteries were smaller than the control diameter at 30 days (80% and 82%, respectively), but in each group the vasodilatory response to hypercapnia was preserved. These findings indicate that 1-microsecond laser pulses are well tolerated by systemic and cerebral arteries in two different animal models, and suggest that the 480-nm pulsed-dye laser may have an application for the treatment or prophylaxis of cerebral vasospasm.}, keywords = {Animals Basilar Artery/surgery Carotid Arteries/surgery/ultrastructure Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology/*surgery Chronic Disease Constriction, Pathologic/surgery Dogs Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology/*surgery *Laser Surgery Light Coagulation Rabbits Spasm/pathology/*surgery}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1885979}, year = {1991}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1990
Alfred
Vogel,
P.
Schweiger,
A.
Frieser,
M.
Asiyo, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Mechanism of action, scope of the damage and reduction of side effects in intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 675-87, 1990.
Mechanism of action, scope of the damage and reduction of side effects in intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 675-87, 1990.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Vogel1990, author = {Vogel, Alfred and Schweiger, P. and Frieser, A. and Asiyo, M. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {Mechanism of action, scope of the damage and reduction of side effects in intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {87}, number = {6}, pages = {675-87}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, abstract = {The damage mechanisms of intraocular Nd:YAG laser surgery and their respective damage ranges were investigated in vitro using bovine cornea specimens as a model tissue. The main damage mechanisms are plasma formation and expansion, emission of acoustic transients, and cavitation with jet formation. When a sequence of laser pulses is applied, the interaction of the acoustic transients with gas bubbles remaining from preceding laser exposures is also important. To distinguish the effects caused by the different physical mechanisms, laser pulses were aimed directly onto the corneal endothelium, and parallel to the cornea at various distances. Simultaneously, the cavitation bubble size was determined. The surface morphology and sections of the same lesions were studied by light and electron microscopy. The primary surgical mechanism is tissue evaporation by the laser plasma, whereas the collateral damage from single laser pulses is mainly caused by the cavitation and jet formation. The damage range after a 4-mJ laser pulse is 0.8 mm which is slightly larger than the corresponding cavitation bubble radius. The damage range of the acoustic transients produced by a 4-mJ laser pulse is several millimeters, when they can interact with small gas bubbles attached to the corneal endothelium. The damage range of the acoustic transients alone is smaller than that of cavitation as far as damage detected by light and scanning electron microscopy is concerned. However, on a subcellular level the acoustic transients may possibly cause damage up to a much larger distance. The damage range observed varies with the cube root of the laser pulse energy. A reduction of collateral effects therefore requires the use of small pulse energies. For energies of less than 1 mJ, the pulse duration has to be reduced to ensure plasma production. It is proposed to use low-energy picosecond pulses with moderate repetition rate instead of single nanosecond pulses to reduce collateral damage effects.}, keywords = {Animals Cattle Endothelium, Corneal/*injuries/pathology Laser Surgery/*adverse effects/instrumentation Microscopy, Electron, Scanning}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2086418}, year = {1990}, type = {Journal Article} } |
Alfred
Vogel,
P.
Schweiger,
A.
Frieser,
M.
Asiyo, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Intraocular Nd:YAG Laser Surgery: Damage Mechanism, Damage Range and Reduction of Collateral Effects., IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 26, no. 12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 2240-2260, 1990.
Intraocular Nd:YAG Laser Surgery: Damage Mechanism, Damage Range and Reduction of Collateral Effects., IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 26, no. 12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 2240-2260, 1990.
Q.
Ren, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Axicon: A New Laser Beam Delivery System for Corneal Surgery, IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 26, no. 12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 2200-2206, 1990.
Axicon: A New Laser Beam Delivery System for Corneal Surgery, IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 26, no. 12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 2200-2206, 1990.
M.R.
Prince,
G.M.
LaMuraglia,
Seidlitz
C.E.,
S.A.
Prahl,
C.A.
Athanasoulis, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Ball-Tipped Fibers for Laser Angioplasty with the Pulsed-Dye Laser, IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 26, no. 12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 2297-2304,, 1990.
Ball-Tipped Fibers for Laser Angioplasty with the Pulsed-Dye Laser, IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 26, no. 12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 2297-2304,, 1990.
A.G.
Doukas,
T. F.
Deutsch, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Determination of the Shock Wave Pressures Generated by Laser-Induced Breakdown in Water., Proc. SPIE , vol. 1202, pp. 61-70, 1990.
Determination of the Shock Wave Pressures Generated by Laser-Induced Breakdown in Water., Proc. SPIE , vol. 1202, pp. 61-70, 1990.
Reginald Birngruber,
Introduction to the Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, Ieee Journal of Quantum Electronics , vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 2146-2147, 1990.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, Ieee Journal of Quantum Electronics , vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 2146-2147, 1990.
M. A.
Latina,
M.
Dobrogowski,
W. F.
March, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Laser sclerostomy by pulsed-dye laser and goniolens, Arch Ophthalmol , vol. 108, no. 12, pp. 1745-50, 1990.
Laser sclerostomy by pulsed-dye laser and goniolens, Arch Ophthalmol , vol. 108, no. 12, pp. 1745-50, 1990.
H. W.
Chaudhry,
I. E.
Kochevar,
K. T.
Schomacker,
J. P.
Cooke,
K. W.
Gregory, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Laser-Induced Vasorelaxation - an Action Spectrum from 337 Nm to 630 Nm, Circulation , vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 408-408, 1990.
Laser-Induced Vasorelaxation - an Action Spectrum from 337 Nm to 630 Nm, Circulation , vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 408-408, 1990.
GM.
LaMuraglia,
MR.
Prince,
NS.
Nishioka,
Obremski
S., and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Optical Properties of Human Arterial Thrombus, Vascular Grafts, and Sutures: Implications for Selective Laser Thrombus Ablation., IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 26, no. 12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 2200-2206, 1990.
Optical Properties of Human Arterial Thrombus, Vascular Grafts, and Sutures: Implications for Selective Laser Thrombus Ablation., IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 26, no. 12 Special Issue on Lasers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 2200-2206, 1990.
M. W.
Balles,
C. A.
Puliafito,
D. J.
Damico,
J. J.
Jacobson, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Semiconductor Diode-Laser Photocoagulation in Retinal Vascular-Disease, Ophthalmology , vol. 97, no. 11, pp. 1553-1561, 1990.
Semiconductor Diode-Laser Photocoagulation in Retinal Vascular-Disease, Ophthalmology , vol. 97, no. 11, pp. 1553-1561, 1990.
A.
Kimmig,
V.
Gekeler,
M.
Neumann,
G.
Frese,
R.
Handgretinger,
G.
Kardos,
H.
Diddens, and
D.
Niethammer,
Susceptibility of multidrug-resistant human leukemia cell lines to human interleukin 2-activated killer cells, Cancer Res , vol. 50, no. 21, pp. 6793-9, 1990.
Susceptibility of multidrug-resistant human leukemia cell lines to human interleukin 2-activated killer cells, Cancer Res , vol. 50, no. 21, pp. 6793-9, 1990.
Alfred
Vogel,
P.
Schweiger,
A.
Frieser,
M.
Asiyo, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Wirkungsmechanismen, Schadensreichweite und Reduzierung von Nebenwirkungen bei der intraokularen Nd:YAG-Laserchirurgie, Fortschritte der Ophthalmologie , vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 675-687, 1990.
Wirkungsmechanismen, Schadensreichweite und Reduzierung von Nebenwirkungen bei der intraokularen Nd:YAG-Laserchirurgie, Fortschritte der Ophthalmologie , vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 675-687, 1990.
1989
D.
Stern,
R. W.
Schoenlein,
C. A.
Puliafito,
E. T.
Dobi,
James G.
Fujimoto, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Corneal Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 and 625 Nm, Archives of Ophthalmology , vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 587-592, 1989.
Corneal Ablation by Nanosecond, Picosecond, and Femtosecond Lasers at 532 and 625 Nm, Archives of Ophthalmology , vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 587-592, 1989.
R
Engelhardt,
Ralf
Brinkmann, and
W
Meyer,
1. mu. s Alexandrit-Laser fuer laserinduzierte Schockwellenlithotripsie, Laser und Optoelektronik , vol. 21(6), pp. 56-61, 1989.
1. mu. s Alexandrit-Laser fuer laserinduzierte Schockwellenlithotripsie, Laser und Optoelektronik , vol. 21(6), pp. 56-61, 1989.
H.
Ulrich,
R. W.
Wijnaendts-van-Resandt,
N.
Koop,
M. v
Schickfuss,
C.
Rensch, and
W.
Ehrensperger,
Quality of microstructures produced by laser lithography and system performance, Microelectronic Engineering , vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 69-72, 1989.
Quality of microstructures produced by laser lithography and system performance, Microelectronic Engineering , vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 69-72, 1989.
Datei: | 0167931789900154 |
Bibtex: | @article{Koop1989, author = {Ulrich, H. and Wijnaendts-van-Resandt, R. W. and Koop, N. and Schickfuss, M. v and Rensch, C. and Ehrensperger, W.}, title = {Quality of microstructures produced by laser lithography and system performance}, journal = {Microelectronic Engineering}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {69-72}, ISSN = {0167-9317}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167931789900154}, year = {1989}, type = {Journal Article} } |
B.
Zysset,
C. A.
Puliafito,
T. F.
Deutsch,
Reginald
Birngruber, and
James G.
Fujimoto,
Picosecond Optical-Breakdown - Tissue Effects and Reduction of Collateral Damage, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine , vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 193-204, 1989.
Picosecond Optical-Breakdown - Tissue Effects and Reduction of Collateral Damage, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine , vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 193-204, 1989.
DOI: | DOI 10.1002/lsm.1900090302 |
Datei: | WOS:A1989U762700001 |
Bibtex: | @article{Zysset1989, author = {Zysset, B. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Birngruber, R. and Deutsch, T. F.}, title = {Picosecond Optical-Breakdown - Tissue Effects and Reduction of Collateral Damage}, journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {193-204}, note = {U7627 Times Cited:72 Cited References Count:36}, ISSN = {0196-8092}, DOI = {DOI 10.1002/lsm.1900090302}, url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1989U762700001}, year = {1989}, type = {Journal Article} } |
Alfred
Vogel,
W.
Lauterborn, and
R.
Timm,
Optical and acoustic investigations of the dynamics of laser-produced cavitation bubbles near a solid boundary, J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 206, pp. 299 - 338, 1989.
Optical and acoustic investigations of the dynamics of laser-produced cavitation bubbles near a solid boundary, J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 206, pp. 299 - 338, 1989.
V. P.
Gabel,
H.
Gunther-Koszka,
C. A.
Puliafito, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Nd:YAG laser photodisruption of hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting membrane, Am J Ophthalmol , vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 33-7, 1989.
Nd:YAG laser photodisruption of hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting membrane, Am J Ophthalmol , vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 33-7, 1989.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Gabel1989, author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gunther-Koszka, H. and Puliafito, C. A.}, title = {Nd:YAG laser photodisruption of hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting membrane}, journal = {Am J Ophthalmol}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {33-7}, note = {0002-9394 (Print) Case Reports Journal Article}, abstract = {We used a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser to create an opening in the internal limiting membrane in three eyes with hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting membrane. In all instances, after membranotomy blood was rapidly cleared from the preretinal space resulting in prompt improvement in visual acuity. No retinal injury was observed. Nd:YAG laser photodisruption may be useful in the treatment of some cases of subinternal limiting hemorrhages.}, keywords = {Adult Female Fundus Oculi Humans Lasers/therapeutic use *Light Coagulation Male Middle Aged Retinal Detachment/pathology/*therapy Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology/*therapy}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2912113}, year = {1989}, type = {Journal Article} } |
Reginald Birngruber,
Laser output characteristics, Health Phys , vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 605-11, 1989.
Laser output characteristics, Health Phys , vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 605-11, 1989.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1989, author = {Birngruber, R.}, title = {Laser output characteristics}, journal = {Health Phys}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {605-11}, note = {0017-9078 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Certain aspects of laser radiation play an important role in laser safety. After a short description of basic laser principles, the unique characteristics of laser light are explained in a phenomenological manner. The enormously wide range of laser output parameters is demonstrated and correlated to typical medical laser applications. Temporal and spatial modes of laser operation are explained in greater detail because of their importance in laser safety.}, keywords = {Humans *Lasers/adverse effects/diagnostic use/therapeutic use Technology, Radiologic}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2651357}, year = {1989}, type = {Journal Article} } |
V. P.
Gabel,
B.
Lorenz,
G. K.
Lang, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Clinical observations of six cases of laser injury to the eye, Health Phys , vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 705-10, 1989.
Clinical observations of six cases of laser injury to the eye, Health Phys , vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 705-10, 1989.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Gabel1989, author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Lang, G. K.}, title = {Clinical observations of six cases of laser injury to the eye}, journal = {Health Phys}, volume = {56}, number = {5}, pages = {705-10}, note = {0017-9078 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {During the last decade, five patients with laser injuries were examined at the University of Munich Eye Clinic, in addition to one laser-injury patient at the University of Erlangen Eye Clinic. From a review of these cases, it is possible to gain an insight into factors that led to the eye injuries and to predict the clinical sequelae of laser retinal injury. A possible means of treatment, using an ophthalmic Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, is suggested for some types of retinal injury involving vitreal hemorrhage.}, keywords = {*Accidents, Occupational Adult Eye Injuries/*etiology Female Humans Lasers/*adverse effects Male Retinal Hemorrhage/etiology Retinal Perforations/etiology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2708058}, year = {1989}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1988
Reginald
Birngruber,
C. A.
Puliafito,
R. W.
Schoenlein,
W. Z.
Lin, and
A.
Gawande,
Retinal effects produced by femotosecond laser pulse, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 699-704, 1988.
Retinal effects produced by femotosecond laser pulse, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 699-704, 1988.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1988, author = {Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Puliafito, C. A. and Schoenlein, R. W. and Lin, W. Z. and Gawande, A.}, title = {[Retinal effects produced by femotosecond laser pulse]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, pages = {699-704}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Fluorescein Angiography Lasers/*adverse effects Ophthalmoscopy Rabbits Retina/*injuries/pathology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220388}, year = {1988}, type = {Journal Article} } |
W
Thomas, and
A G
Hofstetter,
The pulsed dye laser versus the Q‐switched Nd: YAG laser in laser‐induced shock‐wave lithotripsy, Lasers in surgery and medicine , vol. 8(4), pp. 363-370, 1988.
The pulsed dye laser versus the Q‐switched Nd: YAG laser in laser‐induced shock‐wave lithotripsy, Lasers in surgery and medicine , vol. 8(4), pp. 363-370, 1988.
V. P.
Gabel,
Reginald
Birngruber, and
J.
Nasemann,
Fluorescein angiography with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO), Lasers Light Ophthalmol , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 35-40, 1988.
Fluorescein angiography with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO), Lasers Light Ophthalmol , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 35-40, 1988.
Alfred
Vogel, and
W.
Lauterborn,
Time-resolved particle image velocimetry used in the investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics, Applied Optics , vol. 27, no. 09, pp. 1869 -1876, 1988.
Time-resolved particle image velocimetry used in the investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics, Applied Optics , vol. 27, no. 09, pp. 1869 -1876, 1988.
V. P.
Gabel,
J.
Nasemann, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
The scanning laser ophthalmoscope and its use as a fluorescein angiography instrument, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 569-73, 1988.
The scanning laser ophthalmoscope and its use as a fluorescein angiography instrument, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 569-73, 1988.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Gabel1988, author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Nasemann, J.}, title = {[The scanning laser ophthalmoscope and its use as a fluorescein angiography instrument]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {85}, number = {5}, pages = {569-73}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) Case Reports English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Child Fluorescein Angiography/*instrumentation Humans Lasers/*diagnostic use Macular Degeneration/diagnosis Male *Ophthalmoscopes Retinal Diseases/*diagnosis}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3224934}, year = {1988}, type = {Journal Article} } |
Reginald Birngruber,
Principles of Ophthalmological Laser Applications, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 192, no. 3, pp. 264-264, 1988.
Principles of Ophthalmological Laser Applications, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 192, no. 3, pp. 264-264, 1988.
Reginald Birngruber,
Light-Induced Retinal Damage Produced by Equipment Used for Ophthalmological Examination and Treatment, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 192, no. 3, pp. 265-265, 1988.
Light-Induced Retinal Damage Produced by Equipment Used for Ophthalmological Examination and Treatment, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 192, no. 3, pp. 265-265, 1988.
U.
Bahnmüller,
W.
Keller-Schierlein,
M.
Brandl,
H.
Zähner, and
H.
Diddens,
Metabolites of Microorganisms, J. Antibiot. , vol. 1988, no. 1552 - 1560, pp. 8, 1988.
Metabolites of Microorganisms, J. Antibiot. , vol. 1988, no. 1552 - 1560, pp. 8, 1988.
V. P.
Gabel,
J.
Nasemann, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Fluorescein Angiography with the Laser-Scanning Ophthalmoscope, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 193, no. 4, pp. 438-438, 1988.
Fluorescein Angiography with the Laser-Scanning Ophthalmoscope, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 193, no. 4, pp. 438-438, 1988.
H. P.
Heidenkummer,
B.
Lorenz,
V. P.
Gabel,
L.
Gao,
S.
Tang, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Experimental studies of trans-scleral continuous wave Nd:YAG laser coagulation of the ciliary body, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 637-41, 1988.
Experimental studies of trans-scleral continuous wave Nd:YAG laser coagulation of the ciliary body, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 637-41, 1988.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Heidenkummer1988, author = {Heidenkummer, H. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P. and Gao, L. and Tang, S.}, title = {[Experimental studies of trans-scleral continuous wave Nd:YAG laser coagulation of the ciliary body]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, pages = {637-41}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Ciliary Body/pathology/*surgery Intraocular Pressure Laser Surgery/*methods Rabbits Sclera/*surgery}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220377}, year = {1988}, type = {Journal Article} } |
B.
Lorenz,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Experimental studies of the occlusion of choroid blood vessels by infrared coagulation with reference to tumor therapy, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 726-30, 1988.
Experimental studies of the occlusion of choroid blood vessels by infrared coagulation with reference to tumor therapy, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 726-30, 1988.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Lorenz1988, author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.}, title = {[Experimental studies of the occlusion of choroid blood vessels by infrared coagulation with reference to tumor therapy]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {85}, number = {6}, pages = {726-30}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) Comparative Study English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Arteries/surgery Choroid/*blood supply Laser Surgery/*methods Rabbits}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3220392}, year = {1988}, type = {Journal Article} } |
Alfred
Vogel, and
W.
Lauterborn,
Acoustic transient generation by laser-produced cavitation bubbles near solid boundaries, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 719 - 731, 1988.
Acoustic transient generation by laser-produced cavitation bubbles near solid boundaries, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 719 - 731, 1988.
M
Hube,
Ralf
Brinkmann,
H
Welling,
R
Beigang, and
B
Wellegehausen,
A Cadmium Photoionization Laser Pumped by Laser Induced Plasma Radiation from a Multi Foci Device, Appl Phys B , vol. 45, pp. 197-201, 1988.
A Cadmium Photoionization Laser Pumped by Laser Induced Plasma Radiation from a Multi Foci Device, Appl Phys B , vol. 45, pp. 197-201, 1988.
1987
V. P.
Gabel,
M.
Kozma,
H.
Zink, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Behavior of postoperative intraocular pressure following iridectomy and capsulotomy using a neodymium:YAG laser with reference to the effect of indomethacin, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 76-9, 1987.
Behavior of postoperative intraocular pressure following iridectomy and capsulotomy using a neodymium:YAG laser with reference to the effect of indomethacin, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 76-9, 1987.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Gabel1987, author = {Gabel, V. P. and Kozma, M. and Zink, H. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {[Behavior of postoperative intraocular pressure following iridectomy and capsulotomy using a neodymium:YAG laser with reference to the effect of indomethacin]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {76-9}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {*Cataract Extraction Glaucoma/*surgery Humans Indomethacin/*therapeutic use Intraocular Pressure/*drug effects Iris/*surgery *Laser Surgery Ocular Hypertension/drug therapy Postoperative Complications/drug therapy}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3583187}, year = {1987}, type = {Journal Article} } |
C. A.
Puliafito,
A.
Gawande,
W. Z.
Lin,
R. W.
Schoenlein, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Femtosecond Laser Tissue Interactions: Retinal Injury Studies, IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 1836-1844, 1987.
Femtosecond Laser Tissue Interactions: Retinal Injury Studies, IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 1836-1844, 1987.
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Retinal photocoagulation with different wavelength, Folia Ophthalmol Jpn , vol. 38, pp. 1660-1669, 1987.
Retinal photocoagulation with different wavelength, Folia Ophthalmol Jpn , vol. 38, pp. 1660-1669, 1987.
Reginald
Birngruber,
B.
Lorenz, and
V. P.
Gabel,
Retinal temperature stabilization based on choroid circulation, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 92-5, 1987.
Retinal temperature stabilization based on choroid circulation, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 92-5, 1987.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1987, author = {Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Gabel, V. P.}, title = {[Retinal temperature stabilization based on choroid circulation]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {92-5}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals *Body Temperature Regulation Choroid/*blood supply *Laser Surgery Rabbits Retina/*physiology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3583190}, year = {1987}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1986
V. P.
Gabel,
B.
Lorenz, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Clinical relevance of a dosage device for laser photocoagulation, Klin Monbl Augenheilkd , vol. 188, no. 4, pp. 263-5, 1986.
Clinical relevance of a dosage device for laser photocoagulation, Klin Monbl Augenheilkd , vol. 188, no. 4, pp. 263-5, 1986.
DOI: | 10.1055/s-2008-1050625 |
Datei: | 3723965 |
Bibtex: | @article{Gabel1986, author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B.}, title = {Clinical relevance of a dosage device for laser photocoagulation}, journal = {Klin Monbl Augenheilkd}, volume = {188}, number = {4}, pages = {263-5}, note = {Gabel, V P Birngruber, R Lorenz, B GERMANY, WEST Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1986 Apr;188(4):263-5.}, abstract = {Fundus reflectometry constitutes a procedure with which dosage can be precisely regulated during the coagulation process. During retinal coagulation, for example, it is possible with this method to administer coagulations of uniform intensity regardless of variations in either the quality of the fundus image or the absorption of the pigmented structures. This can be useful for coagulation procedures which have to be confined for the most part to the pigment epithelium, as for example in the treatment of central serous retinopathy or in panretinal photocoagulation, where the functional therapeutic principle is still not clearly understood. Another area of application for reflectometric laser coagulation will be laser trabeculoplasty, in which barely detectable lesions have to be placed in the trabecular meshwork.}, keywords = {*Computers Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery Humans *Laser Therapy Pigment Epithelium of Eye/surgery Retinal Detachment/surgery Retinal Diseases/*surgery Retinal Vein/surgery Trabecular Meshwork/surgery AutoPhoN}, ISSN = {0023-2165 (Print) 0023-2165 (Linking)}, DOI = {10.1055/s-2008-1050625}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3723965}, year = {1986}, type = {Journal Article} } |
B.
Lorenz,
N.
Ganson,
H. P.
Stein, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
CW neodymium: YAG laser photocoagulation of the rabbit fundus--effect on the choroid and sclera in comparison to argon laser photocoagulation, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 436-40, 1986.
CW neodymium: YAG laser photocoagulation of the rabbit fundus--effect on the choroid and sclera in comparison to argon laser photocoagulation, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 436-40, 1986.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Lorenz1986, author = {Lorenz, B. and Ganson, N. and Stein, H. P. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {[CW neodymium: YAG laser photocoagulation of the rabbit fundus--effect on the choroid and sclera in comparison to argon laser photocoagulation]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, pages = {436-40}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) Comparative Study English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Argon Choroid/*injuries Laser Surgery/*methods Neodymium Rabbits Retina/*injuries Sclera/*injuries}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3770614}, year = {1986}, type = {Journal Article} } |
A Vogel,
Vergleich zweier empfindlicher Speckle-Meßtechniken angewandt auf Verformungsmessungen an Zähnen, Optik , vol. 72, pp. 95-101, 1986.
Vergleich zweier empfindlicher Speckle-Meßtechniken angewandt auf Verformungsmessungen an Zähnen, Optik , vol. 72, pp. 95-101, 1986.
Alfred
Vogel,
W.
Hentschel,
J.
Holzfuss, and
W.
Lauterborn,
Cavitation Bubble Dynamics and Acoustic Transient Generation in Ocular Surgery with Pulsed Neodymium: YAG Lasers, Ophthalmology , vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 1259 -1269, 1986.
Cavitation Bubble Dynamics and Acoustic Transient Generation in Ocular Surgery with Pulsed Neodymium: YAG Lasers, Ophthalmology , vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 1259 -1269, 1986.
1985
A
Vogel, and
W.
Lauterborn,
Ein Raumfrequenzfilterungsverfahren zur Untersuchung der Strömung um Kavitationsblasen, Optik , vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 176-179, 1985.
Ein Raumfrequenzfilterungsverfahren zur Untersuchung der Strömung um Kavitationsblasen, Optik , vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 176-179, 1985.
L.
Neubauer,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Corneal endothelial changes in anterior capsulotomy and postcataract membranotomy with the neodymium:YAG laser, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 80-2, 1985.
Corneal endothelial changes in anterior capsulotomy and postcataract membranotomy with the neodymium:YAG laser, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 80-2, 1985.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Neubauer1985, author = {Neubauer, L. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {[Corneal endothelial changes in anterior capsulotomy and postcataract membranotomy with the neodymium:YAG laser]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {80-2}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) Comparative Study English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Cataract Extraction/*adverse effects/methods Cornea/*injuries/pathology Endothelium/pathology Follow-Up Studies Humans Lasers/*adverse effects}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3997004}, year = {1985}, type = {Journal Article} } |
A
Vogel, and
W.
Lauterborn,
Ein Raumfrequenzfilterungsverfahren zur Untersuchung der Strömung um Kavitationsblasen, Optik , vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 176-179, 1985.
Ein Raumfrequenzfilterungsverfahren zur Untersuchung der Strömung um Kavitationsblasen, Optik , vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 176-179, 1985.
V. P.
Gabel,
L.
Neubauer,
H.
Zink, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Ocular Side-Effects Following Neodymium - Yag Laser Irradiation, International Ophthalmology Clinics , vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 137-149, 1985.
Ocular Side-Effects Following Neodymium - Yag Laser Irradiation, International Ophthalmology Clinics , vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 137-149, 1985.
DOI: | Doi 10.1097/00004397-198502530-00011 |
Datei: | WOS:A1985ASD0300010 |
Bibtex: | @article{Gabel1985, author = {Gabel, V. P. and Neubauer, L. and Zink, H. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {Ocular Side-Effects Following Neodymium - Yag Laser Irradiation}, journal = {International Ophthalmology Clinics}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {137-149}, note = {Asd03 Times Cited:4 Cited References Count:16}, ISSN = {0020-8167}, DOI = {Doi 10.1097/00004397-198502530-00011}, url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1985ASD0300010}, year = {1985}, type = {Journal Article} } |
H.
Hutter,
H.
Hiemer,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Thermal neodymium:YAG laser effects on the retina, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 443-6, 1985.
Thermal neodymium:YAG laser effects on the retina, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 443-6, 1985.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Hutter1985, author = {Hutter, H. and Hiemer, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {[Thermal neodymium:YAG laser effects on the retina]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, pages = {443-6}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Choroid/injuries Lasers/*adverse effects Rabbits Retina/*injuries/pathology Retinal Hemorrhage/pathology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4076965}, year = {1985}, type = {Journal Article} } |
F.
Hillenkamp,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Theoretical investigations of laser thermal retinal injury, Health Phys , vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 781-96, 1985.
Theoretical investigations of laser thermal retinal injury, Health Phys , vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 781-96, 1985.
H.
Hiemer,
H.
Hutter,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Retinal damage in neodymium:YAG laser surgery in the area of the vitreous body, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 447-9, 1985.
Retinal damage in neodymium:YAG laser surgery in the area of the vitreous body, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 447-9, 1985.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Hiemer1985, author = {Hiemer, H. and Hutter, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {Retinal damage in neodymium:YAG laser surgery in the area of the vitreous body}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {82}, number = {5}, pages = {447-9}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Lasers/*adverse effects Microscopy, Electron Rabbits Retina/*injuries Vitreous Body/*surgery}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4076966}, year = {1985}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1984
W.
Weinberg,
B.
Lorenz, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
The change in light reflection of the retina during therapeutic laser photocoagulation, IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1481-1489, 1984.
The change in light reflection of the retina during therapeutic laser photocoagulation, IEEE J Quant Electr , vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1481-1489, 1984.
H.
Yoshimoto,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Vitreous morphology after carbon dioxide laser irradiation, Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol , vol. 221, no. 6, pp. 276-81, 1984.
Vitreous morphology after carbon dioxide laser irradiation, Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol , vol. 221, no. 6, pp. 276-81, 1984.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Yoshimoto1984, author = {Yoshimoto, H. and Kampik, A. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.}, title = {Vitreous morphology after carbon dioxide laser irradiation}, journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol}, volume = {221}, number = {6}, pages = {276-81}, note = {0721-832X (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The immediate vitreous changes produced by a continuous-wave carbon-dioxide laser beam in freshly enucleated bovine and pig eyes were studied by gross examination with a dissecting microscope, and histopathologically by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The lesions produced by the laser beam on the vitreous in an air tissue interface technique were remarkable for their ring-shaped vitreous condensations. The diameter and density of these condensations increased with irradiance. With the same irradiation parameters the lesions at the anterior hyaloid membranes showed greater size and density than those in the central area of the vitreous. These vitreous condensations were demonstrated to consist of heat-denatured collagen fibrils. For light microscopic evaluation of the vitreous a modified method of tissue processing according to Szent Gyorgi has proven optimal in reducing vitreous shrinkage from dehydration. This method of fixation and tissue processing appeared to be useful in evaluating lesions of the vitreous and their relationship to their surroundings.}, keywords = {Animals Carbon Dioxide Cattle Histological Techniques *Lasers Microscopy, Electron Swine Vitreous Body/anatomy & histology/*radiation effects/ultrastructure}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6434376}, year = {1984}, type = {Journal Article} } |
V. P.
Gabel,
B.
Lachenmayr, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Ist der Krypton-Laser anderen Lichtquellen zur Koagulation der Netzhaut überlegen?, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 81, pp. 150-153, 1984.
Ist der Krypton-Laser anderen Lichtquellen zur Koagulation der Netzhaut überlegen?, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 81, pp. 150-153, 1984.
Reginald Birngruber,
Die Lichtbelastung unbehandelter Netzhautareale bei der Photokoagulation, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 147-9, 1984.
Die Lichtbelastung unbehandelter Netzhautareale bei der Photokoagulation, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 147-9, 1984.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1984, author = {Birngruber, Reginald}, title = {Die Lichtbelastung unbehandelter Netzhautareale bei der Photokoagulation}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, pages = {147-9}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Humans Light Coagulation/*adverse effects Retina/*injuries}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6735303}, year = {1984}, type = {Journal Article} } |
O. F.
Scheiffarth,
K.
Ludwig,
V. P.
Gabel,
L.
Meyer, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Chemical studies of intraocular lenses after experimental generation of lesions by a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser, Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol , vol. 222, no. 1, pp. 43-4, 1984.
Chemical studies of intraocular lenses after experimental generation of lesions by a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser, Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol , vol. 222, no. 1, pp. 43-4, 1984.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Scheiffarth1984, author = {Scheiffarth, O. F. and Ludwig, K. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and von Meyer, L.}, title = {Chemical studies of intraocular lenses after experimental generation of lesions by a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser}, journal = {Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol}, volume = {222}, number = {1}, pages = {43-4}, note = {0721-832X (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {It is theoretically possible that lesions generated by a Q-switched Nd-YAG laser could lead to chemical changes in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lenses. These changes could be of clinical relevance. Therefore, we measured the residual monomer content of intraocular lenses before and after generation of lesions by means of a short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser. Despite the explosive destruction of the lens surface caused by this type of laser, there is no measurable release of monomer in the sense of a depolymerization of the PMMA material, even when over 100 lesions are generated. The lesions generated on intraocular PMMA lenses with the Nd-YAG laser are predominantly of a mechanical nature and include the chipping away of small particles from the intraocular lens.}, keywords = {Lasers/*adverse effects *Lenses, Intraocular Methylmethacrylates/*radiation effects}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6510725}, year = {1984}, type = {Journal Article} } |
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Augengefährdung durch Lasereffekte in Diskotheken, Sozialpädiatrie Prax Klin , vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 487-494, 1984.
Augengefährdung durch Lasereffekte in Diskotheken, Sozialpädiatrie Prax Klin , vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 487-494, 1984.
1983
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Thermal versus photochemical damage in the retina--thermal calculations for exposure limits, Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K , vol. 103 ( Pt 4), pp. 422-7, 1983.
Thermal versus photochemical damage in the retina--thermal calculations for exposure limits, Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K , vol. 103 ( Pt 4), pp. 422-7, 1983.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1983, author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.}, title = {Thermal versus photochemical damage in the retina--thermal calculations for exposure limits}, journal = {Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K}, volume = {103 ( Pt 4)}, pages = {422-7}, note = {0078-5334 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {Different kinds of damage can be produced by intense light irradiation of the retina. These types of damage can be separated into changes which are induced by photochemical or thermal effects in the tissue. Photochemical damage occurs mainly with intense irradiation of a few seconds or longer whereas thermal effects appear to prevail at irradiation times in the 1 ms to 1000 ms-range. Distinction between photochemical and thermal damage is very difficult because both types of injury appear as disorders in the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer segments of the photoreceptors. A thermal model has therefore been developed which takes into account the light absorption in the different layers of RPE and choroid and allows the calculation of the temporal development of temperature at each site and depth of the fundus. Model calculations are used to correlate exposure parameters (wavelength, irradiance, exposure time etc.) with the resulting temperature profiles. This correlation leads to a better distinction between exposure limits for thermal and photochemical damage of the retina.}, keywords = {Burns/etiology Heat/*adverse effects Humans Light/*adverse effects Models, Biological Pigment Epithelium of Eye/injuries/radiation effects Retina/*injuries/radiation effects Temperature}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6600144}, year = {1983}, type = {Journal Article} } |
H.
Diddens,
D.
Niethammer, and
R. C.
Jackson,
Patterns of cross-resistance to the antifolate drugs trimetrexate, metoprine, homofolate, and CB3717 in human lymphoma and osteosarcoma cells resistant to methotrexate, Cancer Res , vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 5286-92, 1983.
Patterns of cross-resistance to the antifolate drugs trimetrexate, metoprine, homofolate, and CB3717 in human lymphoma and osteosarcoma cells resistant to methotrexate, Cancer Res , vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 5286-92, 1983.
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Experimental studies of laser thermal retinal injury, Health Phys , vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 519-31, 1983.
Experimental studies of laser thermal retinal injury, Health Phys , vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 519-31, 1983.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1983, author = {Birngruber, Reginald and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {Experimental studies of laser thermal retinal injury}, journal = {Health Phys}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, pages = {519-31}, note = {0017-9078 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {In damage tests conducted on rabbit and monkey eyes, the threshold values for retinal damage resulting from different laser radiation were determined. The reproduction of the "worst-case" situation was ensured by the test apparatus. All physical parameters, such as power/energy, exposure time, and retinal spot, were carefully controlled. Probit analysis showed a very precise determination of the threshold values based on ophthalmoscopical visibility. The attempt of a simple physical interpretation of the thresholds leads to contradictions in major points, so a detailed calculation of damage functions and thermal model calculations are necessary.}, keywords = {Animals Lasers/*adverse effects Macaca Rabbits Retina/*injuries AutoPhoN}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6853172}, year = {1983}, type = {Journal Article} } |
Reginald
Birngruber,
B.
Lorenz,
W.
Weinberg,
J. H.
Greite, and
V. P.
Gabel,
Complications in laser coagulation with the panfunduscope, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 434-7, 1983.
Complications in laser coagulation with the panfunduscope, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 434-7, 1983.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1983, author = {Birngruber, R. and Lorenz, B. and Weinberg, W. and Greite, J. H. and Gabel, V. P.}, title = {[Complications in laser coagulation with the panfunduscope]}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {79}, number = {5}, pages = {434-7}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Fluorescein Angiography/adverse effects/*instrumentation Humans Iris/injuries Lasers/*adverse effects Lens Nucleus, Crystalline/injuries Lens, Crystalline/injuries Rabbits Retina/*surgery}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6873800}, year = {1983}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1982
B.
Lorenz,
V. P.
Gabel,
S.
May,
W.
Weinberg, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Die Beeinflussung der Aderhautdurchblutung durch Argonlaserkoagulation. Ein Vergleich zwischen Kaninchen und Affe., Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 159-62, 1982.
Die Beeinflussung der Aderhautdurchblutung durch Argonlaserkoagulation. Ein Vergleich zwischen Kaninchen und Affe., Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 159-62, 1982.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Lorenz1982, author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and May, S. and Weinberg, W.}, title = {Die Beeinflussung der Aderhautdurchblutung durch Argonlaserkoagulation. Ein Vergleich zwischen Kaninchen und Affe.}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {159-62}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) Comparative Study English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Choroid/*blood supply/pathology Humans Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use Macaca mulatta Rabbits Radiation Dosage}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6892217}, year = {1982}, type = {Journal Article} } |
W
Weinberg,
B.
Lorenz,
V P
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Automatisch dosierte Photokoagulation zur Erzielung reproduzierbarer Efekte am Augenhintergrund, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 155-8, 1982.
Automatisch dosierte Photokoagulation zur Erzielung reproduzierbarer Efekte am Augenhintergrund, Fortschr Ophthalmol , vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 155-8, 1982.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1982, author = {Weinberg, W and Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R and Gabel, V P}, title = {Automatisch dosierte Photokoagulation zur Erzielung reproduzierbarer Efekte am Augenhintergrund}, journal = {Fortschr Ophthalmol}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {155-8}, note = {0723-8045 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Disease Models, Animal Light Coagulation/*methods Rabbits Retina/*pathology Retinal Diseases/*surgery}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7184835}, year = {1982}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1981
B.
Lorenz,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Netzhautveränderungen innerhalb von ringförmigen Laserkoagulationen aufgrund von Zirkulationsstörungen in der Aderhaut., Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 78, pp. 607-611, 1981.
Netzhautveränderungen innerhalb von ringförmigen Laserkoagulationen aufgrund von Zirkulationsstörungen in der Aderhaut., Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 78, pp. 607-611, 1981.
Datei: | 10.1007%2F978-3-642-88589-1_118 |
Bibtex: | @article{Lorenz1981, author = {Lorenz, B. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Kampik, A.}, title = {Netzhautveränderungen innerhalb von ringförmigen Laserkoagulationen aufgrund von Zirkulationsstörungen in der Aderhaut.}, journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges}, volume = {78}, pages = {607-611}, year = {1981}, url ={ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-88589-1_118}, type = {Journal Article} } |
B.
Lorenz,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Functional and Morphological-Studies on the Choroid inside Ring-Shaped Laser Coagulations, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 267-267, 1981.
Functional and Morphological-Studies on the Choroid inside Ring-Shaped Laser Coagulations, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 267-267, 1981.
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
A comparative study of threshold laser lesions in the retinae of human volunteers and rabbits, Health Phys , vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 238-40, 1981.
A comparative study of threshold laser lesions in the retinae of human volunteers and rabbits, Health Phys , vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 238-40, 1981.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Gabel1981, author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {A comparative study of threshold laser lesions in the retinae of human volunteers and rabbits}, journal = {Health Phys}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, pages = {238-40}, note = {0017-9078 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Animals Humans Lasers/*adverse effects Middle Aged Rabbits Retina/*injuries}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7216803}, year = {1981}, type = {Journal Article} } |
W.
Weinberg,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Correlation of the Extent of Lesions with Exposition Parameters in Retinal Photo-Coagulation, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 273-273, 1981.
Correlation of the Extent of Lesions with Exposition Parameters in Retinal Photo-Coagulation, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 273-273, 1981.
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Gefahren und Schutzmöglichkeiten beim Umgang mit Lasern., Z prakt Augenheilkd , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 17-19, 1981.
Gefahren und Schutzmöglichkeiten beim Umgang mit Lasern., Z prakt Augenheilkd , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 17-19, 1981.
W
Weinberg,
V P
Gabel,
B
Lorenz,
W
Müller, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Weißfärbung in Korrelation zur Schadensausdehnung bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut, Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 78, pp. 603-606, 1981.
Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Weißfärbung in Korrelation zur Schadensausdehnung bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut, Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 78, pp. 603-606, 1981.
V. P.
Gabel,
W.
Weinberg,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Thermal Modeling in Retinal Photo-Coagulation, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 273-273, 1981.
Thermal Modeling in Retinal Photo-Coagulation, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 273-273, 1981.
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Ophthalmology as a Pioneer in the Use of Lasers in Medicine, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 178, no. 3, pp. 229-229, 1981.
Ophthalmology as a Pioneer in the Use of Lasers in Medicine, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 178, no. 3, pp. 229-229, 1981.
Reginald
Birngruber,
W.
Weinberg, and
V. P.
Gabel,
Der Einfluß der Expositionsparameter auf die Schadensausdehnung bei der Netzhautkoagulation, dargestellt anhand eines thermischen Modells., Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 78, pp. 599-602, 1981.
Der Einfluß der Expositionsparameter auf die Schadensausdehnung bei der Netzhautkoagulation, dargestellt anhand eines thermischen Modells., Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 78, pp. 599-602, 1981.
1980
Reginald
Birngruber,
W.
Weinberg,
V. P.
Gabel, and
H.
Kain,
Der Einfluß der Aderhautdurchblutung auf die Entstehung von thermischen Läsionen am Augenhintergrund, Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 77, pp. 705-710, 1980.
Der Einfluß der Aderhautdurchblutung auf die Entstehung von thermischen Läsionen am Augenhintergrund, Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 77, pp. 705-710, 1980.
W.
Weinberg,
V. P.
Gabel,
H.
Kain, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Heat Convection in the Choroid during Laser Coagulation, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 157-157, 1980.
Heat Convection in the Choroid during Laser Coagulation, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 157-157, 1980.
K. P.
Boergen,
W.
Gorisch, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Laser-Induced Endovascular Thrombosis as a Possibility of Selective Vessel Closure, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 157-157, 1980.
Laser-Induced Endovascular Thrombosis as a Possibility of Selective Vessel Closure, Ophthalmic Research , vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 157-157, 1980.
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Nichtionisiernde Strahlung: anwendung, Wirkungen, Schutzmaßnahmen, Strahlenbelastung bei speziellen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Eingriffen, Strahlenexposition bei der Computertomographie, Strahlenschutz Forsch Prax, Sonderdruck , vol. 20, pp. 57-64, 1980.
Nichtionisiernde Strahlung: anwendung, Wirkungen, Schutzmaßnahmen, Strahlenbelastung bei speziellen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Eingriffen, Strahlenexposition bei der Computertomographie, Strahlenschutz Forsch Prax, Sonderdruck , vol. 20, pp. 57-64, 1980.
K. P.
Boergen,
V. P.
Gabel,
W.
Göttinger, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Possibilities for ocular vessel coagulation (author's transl), Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd , vol. 177, no. 4, pp. 492-9, 1980.
Possibilities for ocular vessel coagulation (author's transl), Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd , vol. 177, no. 4, pp. 492-9, 1980.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Boergen1980, author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Göttinger, W.}, title = {[Possibilities for ocular vessel coagulation (author's transl)]}, journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd}, volume = {177}, number = {4}, pages = {492-9}, note = {0023-2165 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, abstract = {Present-day possibilities of influencing pathological ocular vessels using an argon laser are presented. A distinction is made here between indirect methods such as area coagulation and direct methods with which specific vessels are treated. Whereas clinical tests involving vessel coagulation with pigmented epithelium absorption have already been carried out more or less successfully, selective vessel coagulation with hemoglobin absorption is still largely at the experimental stage. Our own experiments on animals have shown, however, that with the selection of a suitable coagulation technique and the use of suitable exposure parameters, vessel occlusion can be induced with the argon laser. To achieve this, shortening of the exposure times is particularly necessary.}, keywords = {Aged Animals Diabetic Retinopathy/*surgery Humans Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use Mesentery/blood supply Middle Aged Neovascularization, Pathologic Rats Retinal Vessels/*radiation effects}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6166787}, year = {1980}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1979
W.
Weinberg,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Fundusreflektometrie, thermische Modellrechnungen und Temperaturmessungen als Hilfsmittel zur Optimierung der Bestrahlungsparameter bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut., Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 76, pp. 563-567, 1979.
Fundusreflektometrie, thermische Modellrechnungen und Temperaturmessungen als Hilfsmittel zur Optimierung der Bestrahlungsparameter bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut., Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 76, pp. 563-567, 1979.
Datei: | 978-3-642-87151-1_99 |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1979, author = {Birngruber, R. and Weinberg, W. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {Fundusreflektometrie, thermische Modellrechnungen und Temperaturmessungen als Hilfsmittel zur Optimierung der Bestrahlungsparameter bei der Photokoagulation der Netzhaut.}, journal = {Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges}, volume = {76}, pages = {563-567}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-87151-1_99}, year = { 1979} } |
K. P.
Boergen,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Möglichkeiten einer selektiven Gefäßkoagulation am Augenhintergrund - Konsequenzen aus tierexperimentellen Modelluntersuchungen, Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 76, pp. 561, 1979.
Möglichkeiten einer selektiven Gefäßkoagulation am Augenhintergrund - Konsequenzen aus tierexperimentellen Modelluntersuchungen, Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 76, pp. 561, 1979.
V. P.
Gabel,
W.
Weinberg,
R.
McCord,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Comparison of temperature measurements and fundus reflectometry in laser coagulation, Mod Probl Ophthalmol , vol. 20, pp. 169-73, 1979.
Comparison of temperature measurements and fundus reflectometry in laser coagulation, Mod Probl Ophthalmol , vol. 20, pp. 169-73, 1979.
K. P.
Boergen,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Experimental studies on argon laser coagulation of small blood vessels, Mod Probl Ophthalmol , vol. 20, pp. 174-83, 1979.
Experimental studies on argon laser coagulation of small blood vessels, Mod Probl Ophthalmol , vol. 20, pp. 174-83, 1979.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Boergen1979, author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {Experimental studies on argon laser coagulation of small blood vessels}, journal = {Mod Probl Ophthalmol}, volume = {20}, pages = {174-83}, note = {0077-0078 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Argon Arteries/*surgery Arterioles/*surgery/ultrastructure Blood Coagulation Lasers/*methods/*therapeutic use Microscopy/methods Neovascularization, Pathologic Rats Retinal Vessels/surgery}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=95029}, year = {1979}, type = {Journal Article} } |
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Klinische Folgerungen aus der Xanthophylleinlagerung in der Netzhautmitte., Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 76, pp. 475-478, 1979.
Klinische Folgerungen aus der Xanthophylleinlagerung in der Netzhautmitte., Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 76, pp. 475-478, 1979.
F.
Hillenkamp,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Laserschäden an Gewebe und Organen und ihre tierexperimentelle Untersuchung, PBT-OPT , vol. 8, pp. 93-112, 1979.
Laserschäden an Gewebe und Organen und ihre tierexperimentelle Untersuchung, PBT-OPT , vol. 8, pp. 93-112, 1979.
H.
Diddens,
M.
Dorgerloh, and
H.
Zähner,
Metabolic products of microorganisms. 176. On the transport of small peptide antibiotics in bacteria, J Antibiot (Tokyo) , vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 87-90, 1979.
Metabolic products of microorganisms. 176. On the transport of small peptide antibiotics in bacteria, J Antibiot (Tokyo) , vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 87-90, 1979.
E.
Drechsel,
F.
Hillenkamp,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Minimal spot size on the retina formed by the optical system of the eye, Int Ophthalmol , vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 175-8, 1979.
Minimal spot size on the retina formed by the optical system of the eye, Int Ophthalmol , vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 175-8, 1979.
1978
K. P.
Boergen,
H.
Brandl,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
The significance of hemoglobin absorption for selective vascular coagulation, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , no. 75, pp. 416-20, 1978.
The significance of hemoglobin absorption for selective vascular coagulation, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , no. 75, pp. 416-20, 1978.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Boergen1978, author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Brandl, H. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {[The significance of hemoglobin absorption for selective vascular coagulation]}, journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges}, number = {75}, pages = {416-20}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Arteries/*radiation effects Arterioles/*radiation effects Hemoglobins/*radiation effects *Lasers/*therapeutic use Rats}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=570389}, year = {1978}, type = {Journal Article} } |
W.
Weinberg,
R. C.
McCord,
V. P.
Gabel,
K. P.
Boergen,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Simultanmessung von Temperaturverlauf und Weißfärbungen am Augenhintergrund während Laserkoagulationen, Sonderdruck aus Deutsche Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, Bericht über die 75. Zusammenkunft in Heidelberg 1977 , pp. 411-4, 1978.
Simultanmessung von Temperaturverlauf und Weißfärbungen am Augenhintergrund während Laserkoagulationen, Sonderdruck aus Deutsche Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, Bericht über die 75. Zusammenkunft in Heidelberg 1977 , pp. 411-4, 1978.
H.
Welsch,
K. P.
Boergen,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Spectral light absorption in whole blood with reference to the dispersion, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , no. 75, pp. 415, 1978.
Spectral light absorption in whole blood with reference to the dispersion, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , no. 75, pp. 415, 1978.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Welscg1978, author = {Welsch, H. and Birngruber, R. and Boergen, K. P. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {[Spectral light absorption in whole blood with reference to the dispersion]}, journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges}, number = {75}, pages = {415}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Blood/*radiation effects *Light Scattering, Radiation}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=743131}, year = {1978}, type = {Journal Article} } |
F. H.
Stefani,
F.
Hillenkamp,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Q-switched ruby laser induced damage of the adult rabbit lens capsule, Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol , vol. 206, no. 1, pp. 49-55, 1978.
Q-switched ruby laser induced damage of the adult rabbit lens capsule, Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol , vol. 206, no. 1, pp. 49-55, 1978.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Stefani1978, author = {Stefani, F. H. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.}, title = {Q-switched ruby laser induced damage of the adult rabbit lens capsule}, journal = {Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol}, volume = {206}, number = {1}, pages = {49-55}, note = {0065-6100 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The technique of Q-switched ruby laser induced mechanical destruction of the lens capsule was used to study the reactions of the adult rabbit lens. The defect produced in the anterior lens capsule was larger than the 40-60 micrometer focus, which was due to rolled-up edges of the capsule. Long-term observations revealed some decrease in size of developing localized opacification and a healing of the defect by outgrowing lens epithelium with the formation of a new capsule. The rupture of the posterior capsule led to a slowly progressive opacification with little intraocular macrophage reaction.}, keywords = {Animals Lasers/*adverse effects Lens, Crystalline/*injuries/pathology Macrophages/physiology Rabbits Time Factors}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=306208}, year = {1978}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1977
F.
Ippi, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Fernsehanlage in der Augenklinik der Universität München - ein Mittel zur Intensivierung von Forschung und Lehre in der Medizin., Grundig Techn Info 6, Fernseh- und Kintechn , vol. 31/7, pp. 245-247, 1977.
Fernsehanlage in der Augenklinik der Universität München - ein Mittel zur Intensivierung von Forschung und Lehre in der Medizin., Grundig Techn Info 6, Fernseh- und Kintechn , vol. 31/7, pp. 245-247, 1977.
O. E.
Lund, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
A colour-television-system for lectures and clinical training in ophthalmology (author's transl), Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd , vol. 171, no. 2, pp. 287-93, 1977.
A colour-television-system for lectures and clinical training in ophthalmology (author's transl), Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd , vol. 171, no. 2, pp. 287-93, 1977.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Lund1977, author = {Lund, O. E. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {[A colour-television-system for lectures and clinical training in ophthalmology (author's transl)]}, journal = {Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd}, volume = {171}, number = {2}, pages = {287-93}, note = {0023-2165 (Print) English Abstract Journal Article}, abstract = {First experiences with a new Colour-TV-System in the University Eye-Clinic Munich are reported. The system is described in detail and special problems of fitting the TV-cameras to the ophthalmological instruments such as operation microscopes, slit lamps and fundus cameras are described.}, keywords = {Color *Education, Medical, Graduate Germany, West Hospitals, University Humans Ophthalmology/*education *Television}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=916612}, year = {1977}, type = {Journal Article} } |
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Fundus reflectometry: a step towards optimization of the retina photocoagulation, Mod Probl Ophthalmol , vol. 18, pp. 383-90, 1977.
Fundus reflectometry: a step towards optimization of the retina photocoagulation, Mod Probl Ophthalmol , vol. 18, pp. 383-90, 1977.
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Fundusreflektometrie während Laserkoagulationen, Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Opghthalmologischen Gesellschaft , pp. 422-7, 1977.
Fundusreflektometrie während Laserkoagulationen, Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Opghthalmologischen Gesellschaft , pp. 422-7, 1977.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1977, author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {Fundusreflektometrie während Laserkoagulationen}, journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Opghthalmologischen Gesellschaft}, pages = {422-7}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Biophysics Fundus Oculi *Lasers/*therapeutic use Pigment Epithelium of Eye/radiation effects Rabbits *Refraction, Ocular}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577766}, year = {1977}, type = {Journal Article} } |
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Individual differences in light absorption in the fundus oculi in the visible and the infrared spectral region, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 74, pp. 418-21, 1977.
Individual differences in light absorption in the fundus oculi in the visible and the infrared spectral region, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 74, pp. 418-21, 1977.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Gabel1977, author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {[Individual differences in light absorption in the fundus oculi in the visible and the infrared spectral region]}, journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges}, volume = {74}, pages = {418-21}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Absorption Fundus Oculi/*physiology Humans Infrared Rays Light}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577765}, year = {1977}, type = {Journal Article} } |
K. P.
Boergen,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Intravital microscopic studies on the selective coagulation of small vessels by means of the argon laser, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 74, pp. 428-34, 1977.
Intravital microscopic studies on the selective coagulation of small vessels by means of the argon laser, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 74, pp. 428-34, 1977.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Boergen1977, author = {Boergen, K. P. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {[Intravital microscopic studies on the selective coagulation of small vessels by means of the argon laser]}, journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges}, volume = {74}, pages = {428-34}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Argon Capillaries/*surgery Hematoma/etiology Hemorrhage/etiology Lasers/*standards/*therapeutic use Microscopy Rats Thrombosis/etiology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577767}, year = {1977}, type = {Journal Article} } |
F. H.
Stefani,
F.
Hillenkamp,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Lens injuries due to rubin laser giant impulses, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 74, pp. 403-6, 1977.
Lens injuries due to rubin laser giant impulses, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 74, pp. 403-6, 1977.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Stefani1977, author = {Stefani, F. H. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Gabel, V. P.}, title = {[Lens injuries due to rubin laser giant impulses]}, journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges}, volume = {74}, pages = {403-6}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Lasers/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use Lens, Crystalline/*injuries Rabbits}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577762}, year = {1977}, type = {Journal Article} } |
D
Rauhut,
V P
Gabel,
F
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen von Neodymlaserläsionen bei Kaninchen, Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft , vol. Sonderdruck, pp. 407-12, 1977.
Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen von Neodymlaserläsionen bei Kaninchen, Bericht über die 74. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft , vol. Sonderdruck, pp. 407-12, 1977.
E.
Drechsel,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Measurement of the size of the focus in the rabbit, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 74, pp. 413-7, 1977.
Measurement of the size of the focus in the rabbit, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , vol. 74, pp. 413-7, 1977.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Drechsel1977, author = {Drechsel, E. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {[Measurement of the size of the focus in the rabbit]}, journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges}, volume = {74}, pages = {413-7}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Biophysics Eye/*radiation effects Lasers Light Rabbits}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=577764}, year = {1977}, type = {Journal Article} } |
Reginald
Birngruber,
F.
Hillenkamp,
F. H.
Stefani, and
V. P.
Gabel,
Q-switched ruby laser damage of the rabbit eye lens, Adv Ophthalmol , vol. 34, pp. 158-63, 1977.
Q-switched ruby laser damage of the rabbit eye lens, Adv Ophthalmol , vol. 34, pp. 158-63, 1977.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1977, author = {Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Stefani, F. H. and Gabel, V. P.}, title = {Q-switched ruby laser damage of the rabbit eye lens}, journal = {Adv Ophthalmol}, volume = {34}, pages = {158-63}, note = {0065-3004 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {Results on Q-switched ruby laser damage to lenses of Chinchilla grey rabbits are reported. Threshold irradiances of about 10(10)W/cm2 are shown to be necessary for lens damage. The minimal lesions consist of empty bubbles about 1 mm in diameter. Energy consideration as well as histologic investigation of the lesions indicate a mechanical damage process following a light-induced absorption in the focus. Retinal damage accompanied lenticular damage in all cases}, keywords = {Animals Lasers/*adverse effects Lens, Crystalline/*injuries/ultrastructure Rabbits}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=868688}, year = {1977}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1976
H.
Diddens,
H.
Zähner,
E.
Kraas,
W.
Gohring, and
G.
Jung,
On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria, Eur J Biochem , vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 11--23, 1976.
On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria, Eur J Biochem , vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 11--23, 1976.
O. E.
Lund,
V. P.
Gabel, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Diathermieverfahren, Licht-/Laserkoagulation, Kryokoagulation. Experimentelle und klinische Uberlegungen, Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd , vol. 168, no. 05, pp. 603-12, 1976.
Diathermieverfahren, Licht-/Laserkoagulation, Kryokoagulation. Experimentelle und klinische Uberlegungen, Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd , vol. 168, no. 05, pp. 603-12, 1976.
Reginald Birngruber,
Audivisuelle Anlage der Augenklinik München, Grundig-Electronic-Information , 1976.
Audivisuelle Anlage der Augenklinik München, Grundig-Electronic-Information , 1976.
H.
Diddens,
H.
Zähner,
E.
Kraas,
W.
Gohring, and
G.
Jung,
On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria, Eur J Biochem , vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 11--23, 1976.
On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria, Eur J Biochem , vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 11--23, 1976.
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp,
K. P.
Boergen, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Ophthalmoscopic Therapeutic Problems and Laser Personnel, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 169, no. 5, pp. 669-669, 1976.
Ophthalmoscopic Therapeutic Problems and Laser Personnel, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 169, no. 5, pp. 669-669, 1976.
1975
Reginald
Birngruber,
V. P.
Gabel,
I. H.
Wallow, and
F.
Hillenkamp,
Über Rubin-Laserschwellenwertuntersuchungen an der Netzhaut, Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973" , no. 73, pp. 367-74, 1975.
Über Rubin-Laserschwellenwertuntersuchungen an der Netzhaut, Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973" , no. 73, pp. 367-74, 1975.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Birngruber1977, author = {Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P. and Wallow, I. H. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {Über Rubin-Laserschwellenwertuntersuchungen an der Netzhaut}, journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973"}, number = {73}, pages = {367-74}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Haplorhini Lasers/adverse effects/*standards Rabbits Retina/injuries/*physiology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812473}, year = {1975}, type = {Journal Article} } |
I. H.
Wallow,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Clinical and histological studies following argon-laser effect on the retina. --Histo-pathological evaluation of laser injuries for the assessment of a functional injury threshold for lasers, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , no. 73, pp. 374-86, 1975.
Clinical and histological studies following argon-laser effect on the retina. --Histo-pathological evaluation of laser injuries for the assessment of a functional injury threshold for lasers, Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges , no. 73, pp. 374-86, 1975.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Wallow1975, author = {Wallow, I. H. and Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F.}, title = {Clinical and histological studies following argon-laser effect on the retina. --Histo-pathological evaluation of laser injuries for the assessment of a functional injury threshold for laser}, journal = {Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges}, number = {73}, pages = {374-86}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Animals Argon Eye Injuries/*etiology/pathology Haplorhini Lasers/*adverse effects Retina/*injuries/pathology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812474}, year = {1975}, type = {Journal Article} } |
Reginald
Birngruber,
V. P.
Gabel, and
F.
Hillenkamp,
Development of Laser Lesions in Fundus, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 167, no. 4, pp. 624-624, 1975.
Development of Laser Lesions in Fundus, Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde , vol. 167, no. 4, pp. 624-624, 1975.
J.
Kinder,
P.
Hutzler, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Fernsehübertragung stereoskopischer Bilder, Biomed Techn , vol. 20, pp. 297-298, 1975.
Fernsehübertragung stereoskopischer Bilder, Biomed Techn , vol. 20, pp. 297-298, 1975.
J. H.
Greite, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Low intensity argon laser coagulation in central serous retinopathy (csr), Ophthalmologica , vol. 171, no. 3, pp. 214-43, 1975.
Low intensity argon laser coagulation in central serous retinopathy (csr), Ophthalmologica , vol. 171, no. 3, pp. 214-43, 1975.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Greite1975, author = {Greite, J. H. and Birngruber, R.}, title = {Low intensity argon laser coagulation in central serous retinopathy (csr)}, journal = {Ophthalmologica}, volume = {171}, number = {3}, pages = {214-43}, note = {0030-3755 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {Mechanisms of light coagulation effects in RPE and detached retina are discussed. 25 cases of CSR are presented in which the leaking point in the RPE was coagulated with an argon laser coagulator, the exposure parameters being set to avoid a whitening of the retina. The results suggest that the retinal whitening and consequently retinal damage does not constitute a criterium for coagulation effectiveness in CSR.}, keywords = {Adult *Argon Fluorescein Angiography Fundus Oculi Humans *Lasers/*therapeutic use Male Middle Aged Retinal Artery/radiography Retinal Detachment/*therapy Retinal Vein/radiography Retinal Vessels/radiography}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1169740}, year = {1975}, type = {Journal Article} } |
I. H.
Wallow,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp,
O. I.
Lund, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht, Adv Ophthalmol , vol. 31, pp. 159-232, 1975.
Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht, Adv Ophthalmol , vol. 31, pp. 159-232, 1975.
I. H.
Wallow,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp,
O. I.
Lund, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht, Adv Ophthalmol , vol. 31, pp. 159-232, 1975.
Netzhautreaktionen nach Intensivlichtbestrahlung. Teil I: Schwellenlasionen. Experimentelle, morphologische und klinische Untersuchungen uber pathologische und therapeutische Wirkungen von Laserlicht und von weissem Licht, Adv Ophthalmol , vol. 31, pp. 159-232, 1975.
I. H. L.
Wallow,
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp,
O. E.
Lund, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Retinal Reactions to Intense Light .1. Threshold Lesions - Experimental, Morphological and Clinical Studies of Pathological and Therapeutic Effects of Laser-Light and White-Light, Advances in Ophthalmology , vol. 31, pp. 159-232, 1975.
Retinal Reactions to Intense Light .1. Threshold Lesions - Experimental, Morphological and Clinical Studies of Pathological and Therapeutic Effects of Laser-Light and White-Light, Advances in Ophthalmology , vol. 31, pp. 159-232, 1975.
O. E.
Lund,
I. H.
Wallow,
F.
Hillenkamp, and
V. P.
Gabel,
Zur experimentellen Laser-Einwirkung am Auge, Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelbert 1973" , no. 73, pp. 360-362, 1975.
Zur experimentellen Laser-Einwirkung am Auge, Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelbert 1973" , no. 73, pp. 360-362, 1975.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Lund1975, author = {Lund, O. E. and Wallow, I. H. and Hillenkamp, F. and Birngruber, R. and Gabel, V. P.}, title = {Zur experimentellen Laser-Einwirkung am Auge}, journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunft der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelbert 1973"}, number = {73}, pages = {360-362}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {*Accident Prevention Eye Injuries/*prevention & control Humans Lasers/*adverse effects/standards}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1242947}, year = {1975}, type = {Journal Article} } |
V. P.
Gabel,
F.
Hillenkamp,
I. H.
Wallow,
W.
Schmolke, and
Reginald
Birngruber,
Über die Lichtabsorption am Augenhintergrund, Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunt der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973" , no. 73, pp. 362-7, 1975.
Über die Lichtabsorption am Augenhintergrund, Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunt der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973" , no. 73, pp. 362-7, 1975.
Datei: | query.fcgi |
Bibtex: | @article{Gabel1975, author = {Gabel, V. P. and Birngruber, R. and Hillenkamp, F. and Wallow, I. H. and Schmolke, W.}, title = {Über die Lichtabsorption am Augenhintergrund}, journal = {Sonderdruck aus "Bericht über die 73. Zusammenkunt der Deutschen Ophthalm. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg 1973"}, number = {73}, pages = {362-7}, note = {0070-427X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Absorption Animals Choroid/physiology *Fundus Oculi Haplorhini Humans *Light Rabbits Retina/physiology}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=812472}, year = {1975}, type = {Journal Article} } |
1974
I. H.
Wallow,
O. E.
Lund,
V. P.
Gabel,
Reginald
Birngruber, and
F.
Hillenkamp,
A comparison of retinal argon laser lesions in man and in cynomolgus monkey, Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol , vol. 189, no. 3, pp. 159-64, 1974.
A comparison of retinal argon laser lesions in man and in cynomolgus monkey, Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol , vol. 189, no. 3, pp. 159-64, 1974.