@article{Wetzel1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and SchmidtErfurth, U. and Spiegel, D. and Jacobi, P. and Buhl, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using a new Er:YAG laser device. A clinical multicenter study - Laser sclerostomy study group},
   journal = {Vision Research},
   volume = {36},
   pages = {2414-2414},
   note = {Suppl. S
Vr898
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0042-6989},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996VR89800185},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Hüttmann1,
   author = {Hüttmann, G. and Hendrich, C. and Birngruber, R. and Lehnert, C. and Seara, J. and Siebert, W. E. and Diddens, H.},
   title = {Protoporphyrin IX distribution after intra-articular and systemic application of 5-aminolevulinic acid in healthy and arthritic joints . 
Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy V,},
   booktitle = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {2675},
   pages = {238-242},
Year = { 1996}

}

@article{Brinkmann1996-3,
   author = {Brinkmann, R and Knipper, A and Dröge, G and Gafumbegete, D and Miller, A and Gromoll, B and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Ureterotomy with a pulsed Holmium Laser},
   journal = {Proc LASER '95, Springer Verlag},
   pages = {16-19},
   year = { 1996},
url = { https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-80264-5_3},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wetzel1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Brinkmann, R. and Koop, N. and Schroer, F. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Photofragmentation of lens nuclei using the Er:YAG laser: Preliminary report of an in vitro study},
   journal = {Ger J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {5(5)},
  
   pages = {281-284},
   note = {Vq341
Times Cited:13
Cited References Count:12},
   abstract = {The energy of the erbium:YAG laser (2,940-nm wave-length) can be used for minimally traumatic photoablation due to its high absorption at the tissue water and its consequently low penetration depth. Laser sclerostomy ab externo, an application of this principle, has undergone advanced clinical investigation. Another potential application is photofragmentation of the lens for cataract extraction. A laboratory model Er: YAG laser (flashlamp-pumped, 200-mu s pulse length, 5-Hz repetition frequency) was coupled to a short low-OH quartz fiber (400 mu m in diameter). The laser energy was applied by direct contact of the fiber tip to human lenses with very dense cataract. The lenses rested in a small cuvette filled with an aqueous-humor-analogous fluid. The fragmentablation rate was evaluated in relation to the number of pulses and the pulse energy. A laser-triggered flash-photography unit was engaged to visualize the ablation dynamics. We found tissue-ablation rates to range from 4 to 19 mu g/pulse, depending on the nucleus density and ulse energy. The maximal size of the removed fragments was always below 500 mu m During ablation, rapidly increasing and collapsing cavitation bubbles were photographed at the distal tip of the application fiber. The impact radius of these cavitation effects markedly exceeded the pure penetration depth of laser radiation at a 2.9-mu m wavelength. A clinical application of the method should be possible as judged by the results obtained for tissue-ablation rate and fragment size. Cavitation-bubble dynamics seems to be responsible for the high fragmentation efficiency. Special application probes have to be developed to optimize ablation and to prevent inadvertent destruction of the posterior lens capsule by cavitation effects.},
   keywords = {phacoemulsification
er:yag laser
cavitation effects
ablation
surgery},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
  url = {https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/7016223},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Miller, J. and Sickerberg, M. and Strong, A. and Hoehne, U. and Fsachi, M. and Birngruber, R. and vandenBerg, H. and Laqua, H. and Gragoudas, E. and Zografos, L. and Bressler, N.},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization using benzoporphyrin derivative: First results of a multi-center trial},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {580-580},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39700579},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Zwaan,
   author = {Zwaan, M. and Behnle, U. and Engelhardt, R. and Vogel, A. and Kloess, W. and Birngruber, R. and Weiss, H. D.},
   title = {In-vitro-Untersuchungen zur gepulsten Laserangioplastie in flüssigem und gasförmigem Medium.},
   journal = {Fortschr Röntgenstr},
   volume = {164},
   number = {1},
   pages = {68-71},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {Schmidt Erfurth, U; Birngruber, R and Hasan, T},
   title = {Photodynamic therapy in ocular vascular disease},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
  
   pages = {988-996},
   note = {Xd616
Times Cited:5
Cited References Count:57},
   abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel therapeutical approach which is noninvasive and potentially selective for neoplastic pathologies, Association of photosensitizers with low density lipoprotein (LDL) leads to direct targeting of the treated lesions with enhanced efficiency and selectivity. LDL-mediated PDT is particularly useful in the treatment of neovascular structures since LDL receptors are abundantly expressed on vascular endothelial cells, To evaluate the potential of selective photodynamic vasoocclusion in ocular neovascular disease a sequence of experiments was designed: Efficiency of the LDL-carrier was tested in vitro, the system was then transfered to an in vivo model demonstrating a vascularized neoplasm, Occlusion was successfully performed in experimentally induced neovascularization in the cornea, while selective photothrombosis of subretinal vasculature revealed lack of collateral damage, The experimental results were used to establish a first clinical trial for the use of PDT in age-related macular degeneration, one of the leading causes for blindness.},
   keywords = {low-density-lipoprotein
receptor activity
plasma-lipoproteins
singlet oxygen
cells-invitro
murine tumor
hematoporphyrin
invivo
benzoporphyrin
retinoblastoma},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.577328},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996XD61600025},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Birngruber1996,
   author = {Birngruber, R. and Indorf, L. and Soultanopoulos, D. and Droge, G. and Eggers, H. and SchmidtErfurth, U.},
   title = {Photodynamic occlusion of ocular neovascularization: Preclinical evaluation of liposomal zinc phthalocyanine},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {37},
   number = {3},
   pages = {4214-4214},
   note = {Tx397
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TX39704208},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1996,
   author = {SchmidtErfurth, U. and Flotte, T. J. and Gragoudas, E. S. and Schomacker, K. and Birngruber, R. and Hasan, T.},
   title = {Benzoporphyrin-lipoprotein-mediated photodestruction of intraocular tumors},
   journal = {Experimental Eye Research},
   volume = {62},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-10},
   note = {Tt612
Times Cited:22
Cited References Count:43},
   abstract = {Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), a sensitizer currently in clinical trials, was evaluated for the treatment of experimental Greene melanoma implanted in the rabbit iris. To improve tumor targeting, BPD was complexed with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) representing an endogenous carrier system for BPD as previously described. Twelve tumors were irradiated at a sensitizer dose of 2 mg kg(-1) body weight using a dye laser at 692 nm. Tumor responses were documented by photography, angiography and light and electron microscopy. All tumors treated with 80 J cm(-2) regressed irreversibly. The principal mechanism of tumor necrosis was thrombosis following disruption of endothelial membranes. Ultrastructure data suggested tumor cell damage, although evidence for this being the result of direct PDT-mediated tumor cell death was less clear. These data suggest that BPD-LDL may be used to improve the selectivity of photodynamic tumor therapy possibly by the increased uptake of lipoprotein-delivered sensitizer to neovascular endothelial cells. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited},
   keywords = {photodynamic therapy
benzoporphyrin derivative
low-density lipoprotein
intraocular tumors, in vivo
photodynamic therapy
plasma-lipoproteins
malignant-melanoma
cholesterol-metabolism
endothelial-cells
hematoporphyrin
photosensitization
photoimmunotherapy
biodistribution
invitro},
   ISSN = {0014-4835},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1006/exer.1996.0001},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996TT61200001},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996-1,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Hansen, C. and Mohrenstecher, D. and Scheu, M. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Analysis of cavitation dynamics during pulsed laser tissue ablation by optical on-line monitoring},
   journal = {Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
   volume = {2(4)},
   
   pages = {826-835},
   note = {Xd616
Times Cited:20
Cited References Count:24},
   abstract = {Flashlamp pumped mid-IR laser systems emitting in the 23-mu m wavelength range are widely used for various medical applications, especially for tissue ablation, Explosive evaporation is inevitably associated with this process due to the short pulse durations of these laser systems and the high absorption of tissue and water in this spectral regime, Tissue displacement and dissection occur in liquid environment as a consequence of the induced cavitation, Depending on the application these processes might enhance the tissue ablation but can also cause adverse tissue effects, The ablation dynamics were investigated by evaluating the change in rejected probe-light intensity reemitted from the application fiber tip. The ablated cavity and the signal was correlated to fast-flash photographs of the event. Based on this reflection signal a water/tissue discrimination system is introduced which can widely support medical laser applications. In laser sclerostomy ab externo, for example, this approach can be used as a feedback system to automatically control the ablation process. With such a system, adverse effects to adjacent tissue in the anterior chamber of the eye can be minimized.},
   ISSN = {1077-260X},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1109/2944.577305},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996XD61600006},
   year = { 1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Lankenau, E. and Welzel, J. and Birngruber, R. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Optical Coherence - Gated imaging of Biological Tissues},
   journal = {IEEE J Quant Electr},
   volume = {2},
   number = {4},
   pages = {1029-1034},
   year = {1996}
}

@article{Brinkmann1996,
   author = {Wetzel, W;Brinkmann, R;Koop, N;Schröer, F and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Photofragmentation of lens nuclei using the Er: YAG laser: preliminary report of an in vitro study},
   journal = {Ger J ophthalmol},
   volume = {5(5)},
  
   pages = {281-284},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{RN5186,
   author = {Gerling, G;Vogel, A;Koop, N;Dröge, G;Birngruber, R and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Morphological and biomorphometrical observations on laser thermal keratoplasty. Histological and biomorphometrical examination of the relationship between refractive change and the volume following Cr: Tm: Ho: YAG laser treatment},
   journal = {Ger J ophthalmol},
   volume = {5(2)},
  
   pages = {84-91},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Gerling1996,
   author = {Gerling, G. and Vogel, A. and ElHifnawi, E. and Koop, N. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Morphological and biomorphometrical observations on laser thermal keratoplasty - Histological and biomorphometrical examination of the relationship between refractive change and the volume of laser thermal keratoplasty lesions following Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG laser treatment},
   journal = {German Journal of Ophthalmology},
   volume = {5},
   number = {2},
   pages = {84-91},
   note = {Vf915
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:21},
   abstract = {Laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) is currently under clinical trial for the correction of hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism by means of collagen coagulation in the peripheral cornea. The purpose of our study was to optimize the ratio between the volume of damaged corneal stroma and the refractive effect so as to minimize potential side effects such as endothelial damage or induction of glare phenomena. We therefore performed histological and morphometrical examinations of enucleated pig eyes to determine the relationship between the coagulated stromal volume and the refractive change after LTK using a pulsed Cr: Tm: Ho: YAG laser (wavelength 2.12 mu m) on enucleated pig eyes. The refractive change was documented with a Littman ophthalmometer. Morphometrical analysis was performed using polarized light microscopy of sirius red-stained specimens. This special stain separated the thermally changed stroma into a dark, nonbirefringent center and a birefringent peripheral zone. The volume of both zones was positively correlated with the refractive change induced. The volume was in turn influenced by the choice of laser parameters, From the ratio of the volume to the refractive change it was found that pulse energies above 30 mJ led to an enlargement of the coagulation volume without increasing the refractive change effectively. The use of high pulse energies did not improve the effect of LTK but only increased the risk of unwanted side effects. However, an increase in the laser repetition rate at a constant pulse number per spot led to refractive changes with a minimal coagulation volume. The highest relative refractive change was achieved with a dark central zone and a birefringent zone, each having a volume of about 50 - 80 x 10(-3) mm(3).},
   keywords = {laser thermal keratoplasty
hyperopic correction
biomorphometry
sirius red stain
polarization microscopy
organization
microscopy
collagen},
   ISSN = {0941-2921},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1996VF91500004},
   year = {1996},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1995,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U; Droge, G; Wetzel, W  and Birngruber, R},
   title = {Mitomycin-C in Laser Sclerostomy - Time of Administration and Postoperative Hypotony},
   journal = {Invest Ophthal & VisScie},
   
   pages = {S89-S89},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91500432},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pan,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Birngruber, R. and Rosperich, J. and Engelhardt, R.},
   title = {Low-coherence optical tomography in turbid tissue: theoretical analysis.},
   journal = {Appl Optics},
   volume = {34},
   number = {28},
   pages = {6564-6574},
   year = {1995}
}

@article{Wetzel1995,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Otto, R. and Falkenstein, W. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Development of a new Er: YAG laser conception for laser sclerostomy ab externo: experimental and first clinical results},
   journal = {Ger J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {5},
   pages = {283-8},
   note = {0941-2921 (Print)
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The erbium:YAG laser is a preferable energy source for laser sclerostomy ab externo due to the high absorption of its radiation (2940-nm wavelength) in the aqueous parts of scleral tissue. It has thus far been a disadvantage that laser energy has to be transmitted from the laser source to the application site via very susceptible special optical fibers (ZrF). As a consequence of technical improvements, the laser source could be integrated into the application probe. Therefore, only a robust quartz fiber was necessary for contact application. A fiber diameter of 400 microns was chosen according to the experience gained in previous studies. A total of 24 eyes with chronical open-angle glaucoma were treated. A fistula end-point detection unit was developed for safe indication of a full-thickness perforation of the sclera. With a fiber diameter of 400 microns, a postoperative success rate of about 54% was achieved at 6 months follow-up. The automated full-thickness perforation detection prevented the application of additional, surplus laser pulses in the anterior chamber. The postoperative success rate could be improved over that achieved in previous studies. The new device/conception offers more technical reliability and is a further step toward minimally invasive fistulating laser surgery of open-angle glaucoma.},
   keywords = {Erbium
Follow-Up Studies
Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*surgery
Humans
Laser Surgery/instrumentation/*methods
Sclera/*surgery
Treatment Outcome},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7496339},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Toth1995,
   author = {Toth, C. A. and Birngruber, R. and Fujimoto, J. G. and Boppart, S. A. and Hee, M. R. and Dicarlo, C. D. and Cain, C. P. and Roach, W. P.},
   title = {Correlation between Optical Coherence Tomography, Clinical Examination and Histopathology of Macular Laser Lesions},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S207-S207},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91500948},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wetzel1995,
   author = {Wetzel, W. and Schmidt-Erfurth, U. and Haring, G. and Roider, J. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Laser sclerostomy ab externo using two different infrared lasers: a clinical comparison},
   journal = {Ger J Ophthalmol},
   volume = {4},
   number = {1},
   pages = {1-6},
   note = {0941-2921 (Print)
Comparative Study
Journal Article},
   abstract = {This study was designed to compare the clinical results of an ab externo approach to laser sclerostomy using two different laser sources under identical conditions. A pulsed (200 microseconds) erbium-YAG laser (lambda = 2940 nm) and a pulsed (200 microseconds) holmium:YAG laser (lambda = 2120 nm) were used. The energy of each laser was transmitted via a fiber (300 microns in diameter) and applied near the limbus, with the fiber tip remaining in steady contact with the sclera. According to the higher tissue absorption coefficient, a shorter penetration depth and, therefore, fewer complications were expected for the Er:YAG laser. A total of 26 patients with advanced open-angle glaucoma were treated and followed for up to 6 months. In all cases a functioning fistula with a prominent filtering bleb and a marked reduction in the intraocular pressure (from up to 35 mm Hg to < 10 mm Hg) could be achieved primarily. The total energy required was about 4 times lower for erbium:YAG laser was compared with holmium:YAG laser sclerostomies. No complication occurred intraoperatively. Postoperatively, reversible adherence of the iris to the internal ostium was more frequently observed in Ho:YAG laser sclerostomies (60%) and small hyphemas were more often seen in Er:YAG laser sclerostomies (30%). After 6 months of follow-up, about 40% of the fistula remained patent in both groups. In principle, both lasers are suited to serve as energy sources for the described approach. Under the conditions of the present study, different levels of thermal effects did not cause any significant difference in the clinical success rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
   keywords = {Adult
Chronic Disease
Follow-Up Studies
Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*surgery
Humans
Intraocular Pressure
Laser Surgery/*methods
Middle Aged
Ostomy
Postoperative Complications
Prognosis
Sclera/surgery
*Sclerostomy},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7728103},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1995,
   author = {Roider, J. and Schmidterfurth, U. and Hoerauf, H. and Lasser, T. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H.},
   title = {Contact Diode-Laser Cyclophotocoagulation (Cpc) with a New Focusing Fiber Tip},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S559-S559},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91502590},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1995,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. and Ferguson, R. D. and Puliafito, C. A. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {[Reflection measurement during retinal laser coagulation in patients. Development of an automatically controlled dosimeter]},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {92},
   number = {5},
   pages = {717-22},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Retinal laser coagulation has limited reproducibility, because every laser exposition is unpredictably affected by pigmentation and media opacities. This can lead to complications. A feedback-controlled dosimeter would make retinal laser treatment a safer, more reproducible and faster procedure. METHOD: A reflectometer was developed that allows monitoring of the reflection of laser light during standard photocoagulation. Hundreds of coagulations in rabbit eyes and about 12,000 coagulations in patients undergoing routine laser treatment were recorded. RESULTS: The results of the first reflectance measurements in humans are presented along with extensive animal studies. A typical reflectance history was found for different lesion intensities. The degree of retinal whitening correlates with reflectance characteristics. These characteristics allow an early prediction of lesion intensity. Motion during laser exposure affects each coagulation in a fashion similar to spot size and exposure time. CONCLUSION: Reflectometry is the currently most effective means of monitoring lesion development. An automatic dosimeter for retinal photocoagulation seems feasible.},
   keywords = {Animals
Equipment Design
Feasibility Studies
Humans
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation
Rabbits
Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/*instrumentation
Retinal Diseases/*surgery
Treatment Outcome},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8751004},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schmidt-Erfurth1995,
   author = {Schmidterfurth, U. and Hasan, T. and Schomacker, K. and Flotte, T. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {In-Vivo Uptake of Liposomal Benzoporphyrin Derivative and Photothrombosis in Experimental Corneal Neovascularization},
   journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine},
   volume = {17},
   number = {2},
   pages = {178-188},
   note = {Rw607
Times Cited:72
Cited References Count:39},
   abstract = {Background and Objective: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used successfully to occlude neovascularizations experimentally. We evaluated the vasoocclusive potential of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), a new photosensitizer currently in clinical trials. Since liposomally formulated BPD strongly binds to endogenous low density lipoproteins (LDL) after i.v. injection, LDL act as carrier to deliver BPD preferentially 60 proliferating endothelial cells.
Study Design/Materials and Methods: Corneal neovascularizations in rabbits were used as model. Time-dependent uptake and retention of liposomal BPD were measured in vivo by monitoring the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Photothrombosis was induced using a dye laser emitting at 692 nm.
Results: A maximal BPD concentration was measured at 60-90 minutes postinjection determining the optimal time interval for treatment. Exposures as low as 10 J/cm(2) allowed complete and irreversible neovascular occlusion as documented angiographically. Histology revealed selective endothelial damage, adjacent corneal stroma, or iris vessels, remained intact. Identical results were obtained using BPD directly complexed with LDL suggesting use of a LDL-mediated pathway.
Conclusion: We suggest BPD-PDT for a selective treatment of neovascular diseases. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
   keywords = {benzoporphyrin derivative
ocular photothrombosis
liposomes
cornea
neovascularization
low-density lipoprotein
photodynamic therapy
laser photocoagulation
photochemical initiation
vascular occlusion
lipid keratopathy
endothelial-cells
feeder vessels
thrombosis
hematoporphyrin},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   DOI = {DOI 10.1002/lsm.1900170207},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995RW60700006},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Goldau1995,
   author = {Goldau, R. and Twilfer, H. and Zwaan, M. and Morrin, M. and Marquardt, U. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {In-vivo fluorescence spectroscopy of abdominal and iliac arterial in humans.},
   journal = {Lasermedizin},
   volume = {11},
   pages = {212-218},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Brinkmann1995,
   author = {Brinkmann, R. and Schroer, F. and Mohrenstecher, D. and Droge, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Ablation Dynamics in Laser Sclerostomy Ab-Externo},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S558-S558},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91502583},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1995,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Koop, N. and Elhifnawi, E. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Experiments with Pulsed and Continuous-Wave Laser Sources to Optimize Laserthermo-Keratoplasty},
   journal = {Vision Research},
   volume = {35},
   pages = {P167-P167},
   note = {Suppl. S
Rz562
Times Cited:0
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0042-6989},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995RZ56200472},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schirner1995,
   author = {Schirner, G. and Brinkmann, R. and Droge, G. and Koop, N. and Elhifnawi, E. S. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Experimental Studies to Optimize Laser-Thermokeratoplasty Using Pulsed and Cw-Laser-Sources},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {36},
   number = {4},
   pages = {S716-S716},
   note = {Qm915
Times Cited:3
Cited References Count:0},
   ISSN = {0146-0404},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:A1995QM91503294},
   year = {1995},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Roider1994,
   author = {Roider, J. and Traccoli, J. and Michaud, N. and Flotte, T. and Anderson, R. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Selektiver Gefässverschluss durch repetierende kurze Laserpulse},
   journal = {Ophthalmologe},
   volume = {91},
   number = {3},
   pages = {274-9},
   note = {0941-293X (Print)
English Abstract
Journal Article},
   abstract = {The occlusion of arterioles and venules (30 microns in diameter) by means of repeated dye laser pulses (577 nm, 160 microseconds, 0.5 Hz) was studied in the hamster cheek pouch model. Microscopically visible changes during and after irradiation were recorded and monitored by a video system. The energy necessary per pulse for vessel occlusion with a single pulse (arterioles 5 J/cm2, venules 3.5 J/cm2) can be lowered more than 50% with 100 pulses (1.8 J/cm2, 1.2 J/cm2). Rupture of vessels, which regularly occurs with a single pulse, can be totally avoided with 100 repetitive laser pulses. Investigations of the temperature dependence of the occlusion rate of arterioles showed different interaction mechanisms with one pulse and 100 pulses (mechanical and thermal respectively). Light and electron microscopic investigations supported this concept of selective occlusion using repeated short laser pulses. Possible clinical applications are portwine stains of the eyelid, neovascularisation on the cornea and subretinal neovascularisation.},
   keywords = {Animals
Arterioles/pathology
Cheek/blood supply
Cricetinae
*Disease Models, Animal
Light Coagulation/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Electron
Retinal Neovascularization/pathology/*surgery
Venules/pathology
Video Recording/*instrumentation},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8086741},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Inderfurth1994,
   author = {Inderfurth, J. H. and Ferguson, R. D. and Frish, M. B. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Dynamic reflectometer for control of laser photocoagulation on the retina},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {54-61},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
   abstract = {In retinal laser photocoagulation, constant exposure parameters do not result in identical lesions. This lack of reproducibility increases the rate of complications from over- or undertreatment and inhibits determination of the optimal treatment endpoints for different retinal disorders. To this end, a feedback-controlled photocoagulator could make retinal photocoagulation a safer, more reproducible, and faster procedure. A dynamic confocal reflectometer was integrated into a slit lamp laser delivery system. Real-time reflectance changes on the retinas of pigmented rabbits were obtained by monitoring the increasing back-scattered light of the coagulating beam during argon laser photocoagulation. Reproducible temporal reflectance patterns were measured that correlated with ophthalmoscopically assessed lesion intensity independent of the exposure parameters, the transparency of the optical media, and the focusing conditions. As a step toward the development of a feedback-controlled photocoagulator, the confocal reflectometer has been proven in animal trials closely resembling clinical practice.},
   keywords = {Animals
Laser Coagulation/*instrumentation/methods
Rabbits
Retina/*surgery},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7997048},
   year = {1994},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Vogel,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Busch, S. and Jungnickel, K. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Mechanisms of intraocular photodisruption with picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses},
   journal = {Lasers Surg Med},
   volume = {15},
   number = {1},
   pages = {32-43},
   note = {0196-8092 (Print)
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't},
   abstract = {Nd:YAG laser photodisruption with nanosecond (ns) pulses is an established method for intraocular surgery. In order to assess whether an increased precision can be achieved by the use of picosecond (ps) pulses, the plasma size, the shock wave characteristics, and the cavitation bubble expansion after optical breakdown with ps- and ns-laser pulses were investigated by time-resolved photography and acoustic measurements. Nd:YAG laser pulses with a duration of 30 ps and 6 ns, respectively, were focused into a water-filled glass cuvette. Frequency doubled light from the same laser pulses was optically delayed between 2 ns and 136 ns and used as illumination light source for photography. Since the individual events were well reproducible, the shock wave and bubble wall position could be determined as a function of time. From the slope of these r(t) curves, the shock wave and bubble wall velocities were determined, and the shock wave pressure was calculated from the shock velocity. The plasma size at various laser pulse energies was measured from photographs of the plasma radiation. The breakdown thresholds at 30 ps and 6 ns pulse duration were found to be 15 microJ and 200 microJ, respectively. At threshold, ps-plasmas are shorter than ns-plasmas, but at the same pulse energy they are always approximately 2.5 times longer. The initial shock pressures were 17 kbar after ps-pulses with an energy of 50 microJ, and 21 kbar after 1 mJ ns-pulses. The pressure amplitude decayed much faster after the ps-pulses. The maximum expansion velocity of the cavitation bubble was 350 m/s after a 50 microJ ps-pulse, but 1,600 m/s after a 1 mJ ns-pulse. The side effects of intraocular microsurgery associated with shock wave emission and cavitation bubble expansion can be considerably reduced by the use of ps-pulses, and new applications of photodisruption may become possible.},
   keywords = {Eye/*radiation effects
Humans
*Laser Surgery/methods
Models, Structural
Physics},
   year = {1994}
}

@inproceedings{Pan,
   author = {Pan, Y. and Engelhardt, R. and Rosperich, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Birngruber, R.},
   title = {Measurement of Optical-Transport-Coefficients of Intralipid in Visible and NIR Range},
   booktitle = {Proc. SPIE},
   volume = {2134A},
   pages = {354-363},
Year = { 1994},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1117/12.182954}

}