@misc{Kracht,
   author = {Kracht, D. and Brinkmann, R},
   title = {Green Q-switched microsecond laser pulses by overcoulped intracavity second harmonic generation},
   volume = {231},
   pages = {319-324},
   year = {2004}
}

@article{Framme2002,
   author = {Framme, C. and Schuele, G. and Roider, J. and Kracht, D. and Birngruber, R. and Brinkmann, R.},
   title = {Threshold determinations for selective retinal pigment epithelium damage with repetitive pulsed microsecond laser systems in rabbits},
   journal = {Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers},
   volume = {33},
   number = {5},
   pages = {400-409},
   note = {596HY
Times Cited:18
Cited References Count:28},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In both clinical and animal studies, it has been shown that repetitive short laser pulses can cause selective retinal pigment epithelium damage (RPE) with sparing of photoreceptors. Our purpose was to determine the ophthalmoscopic and angiographic damage thresholds as a function of pulse durations by using different pulsed laser systems to optimize treatment modalities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chinchilla-breed rabbits were narcotized and placed in a special holding system. Laser lesions were applied using a commercial laser slit lamp, contact lens, and irradiation with a frequency-doubled Nd:YLF laser (wavelength: 527 nm; repetition rate: 500 Hz; number of pulses: 100; pulse duration: 5 mus, 1.7 mus, 200 ns) and an argon-ion laser (514 nm, 500 Hz, 100 pulses, 5 mus and 200 ins). In all eyes, spots with different energies were placed into the regio macularis with a diameter of 102 mum (tophat profile). After treatment, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were performed and radiant exposure for ED50 damage determined. Speckle measurements at the fiber tips were performed to determine intensity peaks in the beam profile.
RESULTS: Using the Nd:YLF laser system, the ophthalmoscopic ED50 threshold energies were 25.4 lJ (5 mus), 32 muJ (1.7 mus), and 30 muJ (200 ns). The angiographic ED50 thresholds were 13.4 muJ (5 mus), 9.2 muJ (1.7 mus), and 6.7 muJ (200 ns). With the argon laser, the angiographic threshold for 5 mus pulses was 5.5 muJ. The ophthalmoscopic threshold could not be determined because of a lack of power; however, it was > 12 muJ. For 200 ms, the ED50 radiant exposures were 20.4 mW ophthalmoscopically and 19.2 mW angiographically. Speckle factors were found to be 1.225 for the Nd:YLF and 3.180 for the argon laser. Thus, the maximal ED50-threshold radiant exposures for the Nd:YLF were calculated to be 362 mJ/cm(2) (5 mus), 478 mJ/cm(2) (1.7 mus), and 438 mJ/cm(2) (200 ns) ophthalmoscopically. Angiographically, the thresholds were 189 mJ/cm(2) (5 mus), 143 mJ/cm(2) (1.7 mus), and 97 mJ/cm(2) (200 ns). For the argon laser, the maximal ED50 radiant exposure threshold was 170 mJ/cm(2) angiographically.
CONCLUSION: The gap between the angiographic and the ophthalmoscopic thresholds for the 200 ns regime (4.5 times above angiographic ED50) was wider than for the 1.7 mus regime (3.3 times above the angiographic ED50). This would suggest the appropriate treatment would be 200 ns pulses. However, histologies have yet to prove that nonvisible mechanical effects increase with shorter pulse durations and could reduce the "therapeutic window." When comparing the thresholds with 5 mus pulses from the argon and Nd:YLF laser, it demonstrates that intensity modulations in the beam profile must be considered.},
   keywords = {primate eye
photocoagulation
neovascularization
nanosecond
lesions
model},
   ISSN = {0022-023X},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000178160100008},
   year = {2002},
   type = {Journal Article}
}