x-x Liang, N. Linz, S. Freidank, G. Paltauf, and A Vogel,
Comprehensive analysis of spherical bubble oscillations and shock wave emission in laser-induced cavitation, Journal of Fluid Mechanics , vol. 940, pp. A5, 2022.
DOI:10.1017/jfm.2022.202
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Liang2022,
   author = {Liang, X-X;Linz, N;Freidank, S;Paltauf, G and Vogel, A},
   title = {Comprehensive analysis of spherical bubble oscillations and shock wave emission in laser-induced cavitation},
keywords = {bubble dynamics, cavitation, shock waves},
   journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
   volume = {940},
   pages = {A5},
   ISSN = {0022-1120},
   DOI = {10.1017/jfm.2022.202},
  
   year = {2022},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
X-X Liang, and A Vogel,
Probing neuronal functions with precise and targeted laser ablation in the living cortex: comment, Optica , vol. 9(8), pp. 868-871, 2022.
DOI:10.1364/OPTICA.454469
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Liang2022,
   author = {Liang, X-X and Vogel, A},
   title = {Probing neuronal functions with precise and targeted laser ablation in the living cortex: comment},
   journal = {Optica},
   volume = {9(8)},
   keywords = {Attenuation coefficient, Femtosecond lasers, Laser ablation, Laser irradiation, Numerical simulation, Thermal effects},
   pages = {868-871},
   DOI = {10.1364/OPTICA.454469},  
   year = {2022},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
Tobias Fischer, Antje Klinger, Dorthe Smolinski, Regina Orzekowsky-Schröder, Falk Nitzsche, Alfred Vogel, Gereon Hüttmann, and Andreas Gebert,
High-resolution imaging of living gut mucosa: lymphocyte clusters beneath intestinal M cells are highly dynamic structures, Cell and Tissue Research , pp. 1-8, 2020.
File: s00441-020-03167-z
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Fischer2020,
   author = {Fischer, T;Klinger, A;von Smolinski, D;Orzekowsky-Schroeder, R;Nitzsche, F;Bölke, T;Vogel, A;Hüttmann, G and Gebert, A},
   title = {High-resolution imaging of living gut mucosa: lymphocyte clusters beneath intestinal M cells are highly dynamic structures},
   journal = {Cell and Tissue Research},
   pages = {1-8},
   ISSN = {1432-0878},
   url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03167-z},
   year = {2020},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
Tobias Fischer, Antje Klinger, Dorthe Smolinski, Regina Orzekowsky-Schroeder, Falk Nitzsche, Alfred Vogel, Gereon Hüttmann, and Andreas Gebert,
High-resolution imaging of the living gut mucosa: lymphocyte clusters beneath intestinal M cells are highly dynamic structures, Cell and Tissue Research , 2019.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Vogel-2019-1,
   author = {Fischer, T;Klinger, A;Smolinski, D von;Orzekowsky-Schroeder, R;Nitzsche, F;Vogel, A;Hüttmann, G and Gebert, A},
   title = {High-resolution imaging of the living gut mucosa: lymphocyte clusters beneath intestinal M cells are highly dynamic structures},
   journal = {Cell and Tissue Research},
   ISSN = {0302-766X (Print) 
1432-0878 (Online)},
   year = {2019},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
Z Liang, and A Vogel,
Multi-rate-equation modeling of the energy spectrum of laser-induced conduction band electrons in water, Opt Expr , pp. 4672-4693, 2019.
DOI:10.1364/OE.27.004672
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Liang2019,
   author = {Liang, X-X; Zhang, Z and Vogel, A},
   title = {Multi-rate-equation modeling of the energy spectrum of laser-induced conduction band electrons in water},
   journal = {Opt Expr},
   
   
   pages = {4672-4693},
   DOI = {10.1364/OE.27.004672},
   
   year = {2019},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
R Uzunbajakava, and A Vogel,
Highlighting the nuances behind interaction of picosecond pulses with human skin: Relating distinct laser-tissue interactions to their potential in cutaneous interventions, in Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE , 2018.
DOI:10.1117/12.2307804
Bibtex: BibTeX
@inproceedings{Vogel2018,
   author = {Uzunbajakava, N E; Varghese, B; Botchkareva, N V; Verhagen, R and Vogel, A},
   title = {Highlighting the nuances behind interaction of picosecond pulses with human skin: Relating distinct laser-tissue interactions to their potential in cutaneous interventions},
   booktitle = {Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE},
   volume = {10492} ,
   DOI = {10.1117/12.2307804},
   year = {2018},
date = {2018-20-02},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2018}
}
Sijia Wang, Gereon Hüttmann, Thomas Scholzen, Zhenxi Zhang, Alfred Vogel, Tayyaba Hasan, and Ramtin Rahmanzadeh,
A light-controlled switch after dual targeting of proliferating tumor cells via the membrane receptor EGFR and the nuclear protein Ki-67, Sci Rep , vol. 6, pp. 27032, 2016.
DOI:10.1038/srep27032
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Wang2016,
   author = {Wang, S. and Huttmann, G. and Scholzen, T. and Zhang, Z. and Vogel, A. and Hasan, T. and Rahmanzadeh, R.},
   title = {A light-controlled switch after dual targeting of proliferating tumor cells via the membrane receptor EGFR and the nuclear protein Ki-67},
   journal = {Sci Rep},
   volume = {6},
   pages = {27032},
   note = {2045-2322
Wang, Sijia
Huttmann, Gereon
Scholzen, Thomas
Zhang, Zhenxi
Vogel, Alfred
Hasan, Tayyaba
Rahmanzadeh, Ramtin
Journal Article
England
Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 1;6:27032. doi: 10.1038/srep27032.},
   abstract = {Using nanotechnology for optical manipulation of molecular processes in cells with high spatial and temporal precision promises new therapeutic options. Especially tumor therapy may profit as it requires a combination of both selectivity and an effective cell killing mechanism. Here we show a dual targeting approach for selective and efficient light-controlled killing of cells which are positive for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Ki-67. Liposomes with the covalently linked EGFR antibody Erbitux enabled selective uptake of FITC-labeled Ki-67 antibody TuBB-9 in EGFR-positive cells pre-loaded with the photoactive dye BPD. After irradiation at 690 nm, BPD disrupted the endosomal membranes and delivered the antibodies to the nucleoli of the cells. The second irradiation at 490 nm activated the FITC-labeled TuBB-9, which caused inactivation of the Ki-67 protein and subsequent cell death via apoptosis. Efficient cell killing was possible at nanomolar concentrations of TuBB-9 due to the effective transport by immune liposomes and the high efficacy of the Ki-67 light-inactivation. Delivery of the liposomal constructs and cell destruction correlated well with the EGFR expression pattern of different cell lines (HeLa, OVCAR-5, MCF-7, and human fibroblasts), demonstrating an excellent selectivity.},
   ISSN = {2045-2322},
   DOI = {10.1038/srep27032},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
A. Klinger, L. Krapf, R. Orzekowsky-Schroeder, N. Koop, and Alfred Vogel,
Intravital autofluorescence 2-photon microscopy of murine intestinal mucosa with ultra-broadband femtosecond laser pulse excitation: image quality, photodamage, and inflammation, J Biomed Opt , vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 116001, 2015.
DOI:10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.116001
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Klinger2017,
   author = {Klinger, A. and Krapf, L. and Orzekowsky-Schroeder, R. and Koop, N. and Vogel, A. and Huttmann, G.},
   title = {Intravital autofluorescence 2-photon microscopy of murine intestinal mucosa with ultra-broadband femtosecond laser pulse excitation: image quality, photodamage, and inflammation},
   journal = {J Biomed Opt},
   volume = {20},
   number = {11},
   pages = {116001},
   ISSN = {1083-3668},
   DOI = {10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.116001},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
Sijia Wang, Zhenxi Zhang, Alfred Vogel, Reginald Birngruber, Shifalika Tangutoori, Tayyaba Hasan, and Ramtin Rahmanzadeh,
Light-Controlled Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies for Targeted Photoinactivation of Ki-67, Mol Pharm , vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 3272-81, 2015.
DOI:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00260
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Wang2015,
   author = {Wang, S. and Huttmann, G. and Zhang, Z. and Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R. and Tangutoori, S. and Hasan, T. and Rahmanzadeh, R.},
   title = {Light-Controlled Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies for Targeted Photoinactivation of Ki-67},
   journal = {Mol Pharm},
   note = {1543-8392
Wang, Sijia
Huttmann, Gereon
Zhang, Zhenxi
Vogel, Alfred
Birngruber, Reginald
Tangutoori, Shifalika
Hasan, Tayyaba
Rahmanzadeh, Ramtin
Journal article
Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 13.},
   abstract = {The selective inhibition of intracellular and nuclear molecules such as Ki-67 holds great promise for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. However, the choice of the target protein and the intracellular delivery of the functional agent remain crucial challenges. Main hurdles are (a) an effective delivery into cells, (b) endosomal escape of the delivered agents, and (c) an effective, externally triggered destruction of cells. Here we show a light-controlled two-step approach for selective cellular delivery and cell elimination of proliferating cells. Three different cell-penetrating nano constructs, including liposomes, conjugates with the nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and conjugates with the cell penetrating peptide Pep-1, delivered the light activatable antibody conjugate TuBB-9-FITC, which targets the proliferation associated protein Ki-67. HeLa cells were treated with the photosensitizer benzoporphyrin monoacid derivative (BPD) and the antibody constructs. In the first optically controlled step, activation of BPD at 690 nm triggered a controlled endosomal escape of the TuBB-9-FITC constructs. In more than 75% of Ki-67 positive, irradiated cells TuBB-9-FITC antibodies relocated within 24 h from cytoplasmic organelles to the cell nucleus and bound to Ki-67. After a second light irradiation at 490 nm, which activated FITC, cell viability decreased to approximately 13%. Our study shows an effective targeting strategy, which uses light-controlled endosomal escape and the light inactivation of Ki-67 for cell elimination. The fact that liposomal or peptide-assisted delivery give similar results leads to the additional conclusion that an effective mechanism for endosomal escape leaves greater variability for the choice of the delivery agent.},
   keywords = {endosomal entrapment
liposome
nanotechnology
nuclear localization sequence (NLS)
photodynamic therapy},
   ISSN = {1543-8384},
   DOI = {10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00260},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
A Vogel, S Freidank, and N. Linz,
Alternativen zur Femtosekundentechnologie: UV Subnanosekunden-pulse und Ringfoki für LASIK Flaperzeugung (at press), Ophthalomologe , vol. 111, no. 6, 2014.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Vogel2014,
   author = {Vogel, A and Freidank, S and Linz, N },
   title = {Alternativen zur Femtosekundentechnologie: UV Subnanosekunden-pulse und Ringfoki für LASIK Flaperzeugung (at press)},
   journal = {Ophthalomologe },
   volume = {111},
   number = {6},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
A Vogel, and V. Venugopalan,
Pulsed laser ablation of tissue., .... 2 Springer, Heidelberg, New York, 2011.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@book{Vogel-2011-2,
   author = {Vogel, A and Venugopalan, V.},
   title = {Pulsed laser ablation of tissue},
   publisher = {Springer, Heidelberg, New York},
   edition = {2},
   year = { 2011}
}
Alfred Vogel, N. Linz, S. Freidank, and G. Paltauf,
Femtosecond-laser-induced nanocavitation in water: implications for optical breakdown threshold and cell surgery, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 23, 2008.
ISBN:0031-9007 (Print) 0031-9007 (Linking)
Bibtex: BibTeX
@misc{Vogel2008,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Linz, N. and Freidank, S. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Femtosecond-laser-induced nanocavitation in water: implications for optical breakdown threshold and cell surgery},
   volume = {100},
   number = {3},
   pages = {23},
   note = {Using Smart Source Parsing
Jan 25;:038102. Epub 2008 Jan},
   abstract = {We determined the bubble radius R_(max) for femtosecond optical breakdown in water at 347, 520, and 1040 nm with an unprecedented accuracy (+/-10 nm). At threshold, R_(max) was smaller than the diffraction-limited focus radius and ranged from 190 nm to 320 nm. The increase of R_(max) with laser energy E_(L) is slowest at 347 nm, providing optimum control of cell surgery. Experimental results agree with a model of bubble formation in heated and thermoelastically stretched liquids. Theory predicts a threshold temperature T_(th) approximately equal to 168 degrees C. For T>300 degrees C, a phase explosion sets in, and R_(max) increases rapidly with E_(L).},
   ISBN = {0031-9007 (Print)
0031-9007 (Linking)},
   year = {2008}
}
V. Horneffer, N. Linz, and Alfred Vogel,
Principles of laser-induced separation and transport of living cells, J Biomed Opt , vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 054016, 2007.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Horneffer,
   author = {Horneffer, V. and Linz, N. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Principles of laser-induced separation and transport of living cells},
   journal = {J Biomed Opt},
   volume = {12},
   number = {5},
   pages = {054016},
   note = {Horneffer, Verena
Linz, Norbert
Vogel, Alfred
Evaluation Studies
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
United States
J Biomed Opt. 2007 Sep-Oct;12(5):054016.},
   abstract = {Separation and transport of defined populations of living cells grown on a thin membrane can be achieved by laser microdissection (LMD) of the sample of interest, followed by a laser-induced forward transport process [laser pressure "catapulting" (LPC)] of the dissected cell cluster. We investigate the dynamics of LMD and LPC with focused and defocused UV-A laser pulses by means of time-resolved photography. Catapulting is driven by plasma formation when tightly focused pulses are used, and by confined thermal ablation at the bottom of the sample for defocused catapulting. With both modalities, the initial specimen velocity amounts to about 50 to 60 ms. Time-resolved photography of live cell catapulting reveals that in defocused catapulting, strong shear forces arise when the sample is accelerated out of the culture medium covering the cells. By contrast, pulses focused at the periphery of the specimen cause a fast rotational movement that minimizes the flow of culture medium parallel to the sample surface, and thus the resulting shear stresses. Therefore, the recultivation rate of catapulted cells is much higher when focused pulses are used. Compared to collateral damage by mechanical forces, side effects by heat and UV exposure of the cells play only a minor role.},
   keywords = {Animals
CHO Cells
Cell Separation/ methods
Cricetinae
Cricetulus
Microdissection/ methods
Optical Tweezers
Specimen Handling/ methods},
   year = {2007}
}
A Vogel, V. Horneffer, B. Lorenz, N. Linz, S. Freidank, and A. Gebert,
Principles of laser microdissection and catapulting of histologic specimens and live cells, in Laser Manipulation of Cells and Tissues, Methods in Cell Biology , Berns, M. and Greulich, K.O., Eds. San Diego: Academic Press Elsevier, 2007, pp. 153-205.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@inbook{Vogel2007-4,
   author = {Vogel, A and Horneffer, V. and Lorenz, B. and Linz, N. and Freidank, S. and Hüttmann, G. and Gebert, A.},
   title = {Principles of laser microdissection and catapulting of histologic specimens and live cells},
   booktitle = {Laser Manipulation of Cells and Tissues, Methods in Cell Biology},
   editor = {Berns, M.  and Greulich, K.O.},
   publisher = {Academic Press Elsevier},
   address = {San Diego},
   volume = {82},
   pages = {153-205},
   year = { 2007}
}
A Vogel, J. Noack, and G. Paltauf,
Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanoprocessing of biological cells and tissues, in The Eigth International Conference on Laser Ablation (COLA 2005) , Herman, P. and Hess, W ., Eds. 2007, pp. 249-254.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@inbook{Vogel2007,
   author = {Vogel, A and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanoprocessing of biological cells and tissues},
   booktitle = {The Eigth International Conference on Laser Ablation (COLA 2005)},
   editor = {Herman, P. and Hess, W .},
   series = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
   volume = {59},
   pages = {249-254},
   year = { 2007}
}
Alfred Vogel, J. Noack, N. Linz, S. Freidank, and G. Paltauf,
Chapter 18 Femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues, in Handai Nanophotonics , Hiroshi Masuhara, Satoshi Kawata and Fumio, Tokunaga, Eds. Elsevier, 2007, pp. 273-286.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@inbook{Vogel2007-5,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Linz, N. and Freidank, S. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Chapter 18 Femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues},
   booktitle = {Handai Nanophotonics},
   editor = {Hiroshi Masuhara, Satoshi Kawata and Fumio, Tokunaga},
   publisher = {Elsevier},
   volume = {Volume 3},
   pages = {273-286},
   year = { 2007}
}
Alfred Vogel, K. Lorenz, V. Horneffer, Dorthe Smolinski, and A. Gebert,
Mechanisms of laser-induced dissection and transport of histologic specimens., Biophys J , vol. 93, pp. 4481-4500, 2007.
File: biophysj.106.102277
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Vogel2007-7,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Lorenz, K. and Horneffer, V. and Hüttmann, G. and von Smolinski, D. and Gebert, A.},
   title = {Mechanisms of laser-induced dissection and transport of histologic specimens.},
   journal = {Biophys J},
   volume = {93},
   pages = {4481-4500},
   year = { 2007},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.102277}
}
Alfred Vogel, J Noack, and G. Paltauf,
Femtosecond plasma-mediated nanosurgery of cells and tissues., in Laser Ablation , ), Phipps C (Hrsg., Eds. Springer, Heidelberg, 2006, pp. 217-262.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@inbook{Vogel2006-2,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Femtosecond plasma-mediated nanosurgery of cells and tissues.},
   booktitle = {Laser Ablation},
   editor = {), Phipps C (Hrsg.},
   publisher = { Springer, Heidelberg},
   pages = {217-262},
   year = { 2006}
}
Alfred Vogel, I. Apitz, S. Freidank, and R. Dijkink,
Sensitive high-resolution white-light Schlieren technique with a large dynamic range for the investigation of ablation dynamics, Opt. Lett. , vol. 31, pp. 1812-1814, 2006.
File: OL.31.001812
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Vogel2006-1,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Apitz, I. and Freidank, S. and Dijkink, R.},
   title = {Sensitive high-resolution white-light Schlieren technique with a large dynamic range for the investigation of ablation dynamics},
   journal = {Opt. Lett.},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {1812-1814},
   year = { 2006},
url = { https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.31.001812}
}
Alfred Vogel, J. Noack, N. Linz, S. Freidank, and G. Paltauf,
Femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues, in 4th International Congress on Laser Advanced Materials Processing , 2006.
File: download
Bibtex: BibTeX
@inproceedings{Vogel-2006,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Linz, N. and Freidank, S. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues},
   booktitle = {4th International Congress on Laser Advanced Materials Processing},
Year = { 2006},
URL = { http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.713.4169&rep=rep1&type=pdf}
}
H. Hoerauf, A. Brix, J. Winkler, G. Droege, H. Laqua, and Alfred Vogel,
Photoablation of inner limiting membrane and inner retinal layers using the erbium : YAG-laser: An in vitro study, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine , vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 52-61, 2006.
DOI:Doi 10.1002/Lsm.20269
File: WOS:000235149600007
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Hoerauf2006,
   author = {Hoerauf, H. and Brix, A. and Winkler, J. and Droege, G. and Winter, C. and Birngruber, R. and Laqua, H. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Photoablation of inner limiting membrane and inner retinal layers using the erbium : YAG-laser: An in vitro study},
   journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine},
   volume = {38},
   number = {1},
   pages = {52-61},
   note = {009YN
Times Cited:4
Cited References Count:51},
   abstract = {Background and Objectives: To explore the potential of Er:YAG-laser irradiation for precise and tractionless retinal tissue and inner limiting membrane ablation.
Materials and Methods: We used free-running Er:YAG-laser irradiation (lambda = 2.94 mu m) transmitted either through a 10 em long low-OH-quartz fiber or a 2 m long sapphire fiber that produced a more homogenous light distribution at the fiber tip. Retinal ablation in porcine retinal explants was performed under air or perfluorodecaline (PFD). Ablation depth was evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and from histologic sections.
Results: A radiant exposure of 5.0 J/cm(2) delivered through a low-OH-quartz fiber and PFD caused a complete transsection of the neurosensory retina. Radiant exposures between 3.5 and 2.0 J/cm(2) resulted in marked variations of ablation depth and adjacent thermal damage. By contrast, laser pulses of 4.0 and 3.0 J/cm(2) transmitted through the sapphire fiber produced more homogenous defect patterns and less thermal damage. Close to the ablation threshold, with 1.0-2.0 J/cm(2), ablation was limited to a 10-20 mu m thin layer of the neural retina.
Conclusions: We achieved in vitro ablation of inner retinal layers, but could not produce selective and reproducible ILM removal.},
   keywords = {macular surgery
optical coherence tomography
perfluorocarbon liquid
retina
retinal explant
optical coherence tomography
macular hole surgery
experimental vitreous membranes
er-yag
vitreoretinal surgery
clinical-experience
indocyanine green
excimer-laser
pig eyes
ablation},
   ISSN = {0196-8092},
   DOI = {Doi 10.1002/Lsm.20269},
   url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000235149600007},
   year = {2006},
   type = {Journal Article}
}
A . Vogel,
Stress wave emission and cavitation bubble dynamics by nanosecond optical breakdown in a tissue phantom., J Fluid Mech , vol. 558, pp. 281-308, 2006.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Brujan,
   author = {Brujan, EA. and Vogel, A .},
   title = {Stress wave emission and cavitation bubble dynamics by nanosecond optical breakdown in a tissue phantom.},
   journal = { J Fluid Mech},
   volume = {558},
   pages = {281-308},
   year = {2006}
}
V. Horneffer, Alfred Vogel, B. Sägmüller, and K. Schütze,
Microdissection, catapulting, and microinjection of biologic specimens with femtosecond laser pulses, in SPIE/OSA Conference on Biomedical Optics ECBO,12.-16.06.2005 , 2005.
File: abstract.cfm
Bibtex: BibTeX
@inproceedings{Horneffer,
   author = {Horneffer, V. and Vogel, A. and Sägmüller, B. and Schütze, K.},
   title = {Microdissection, catapulting, and microinjection of biologic specimens with femtosecond laser pulses},
   booktitle = {SPIE/OSA Conference on Biomedical Optics ECBO,12.-16.06.2005},

}
Alfred Vogel, J. Noack, and G. Paltauf,
Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues, Appl. Phys B , vol. 81, pp. 1015-1047, 2005.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Vogel2005,
   author = {Vogel, A. and Noack, J. and Hüttmann, G. and Paltauf, G.},
   title = {Mechanisms of femtosecond laser nanosurgery of biological cells and tissues},
   journal = {Appl. Phys B},
   volume = {81},
   pages = {1015-1047},
   year = {2005}
}
I. Apitz, and Alfred Vogel,
Material ejection in nanosecond Er:YAG laser ablation of water, liver, and skin, Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing , vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 329-338, 2005.
Bibtex: BibTeX
@article{Apitz,
   author = {Apitz, I. and Vogel, A.},
   title = {Material ejection in nanosecond Er:YAG laser ablation of water, liver, and skin},
   journal = {Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing},
   volume = {81},
   number = {2},
   pages = {329-338},
   abstract = {We investigated the mechanisms of material ejection in Q-switched Er:YAG laser tissue ablation (70-ns pulse duration) where moderate and large radiant exposures are associated with large volumetric energy densities in the target material. For water, an initial phase of non-equilibrium surface vaporization is followed by an explosive vaporization of the superficial liquid volume from a supercritical state. The ablation of deeper layers with lower peak temperatures proceeds as phase explosion. For mechanically strong tissues, non-equilibrium surface vaporization is followed by a vapour explosion coupled with thermal dissociation of the biomolecules into volatile products. In deeper layers, ablation proceeds as confined boiling with mechanical tearing of the tissue matrix by the vapour pressure. The recoil stress induced at a radiant exposure of 5.4 J/cm 2 is in the order of 500–900 MPa. For water and soft tissues such as liver, the recoil causes a powerful secondary material expulsion. For stronger tissues such as skin, no secondary expulsion was observed even though the recoil stress largely exceeds the static tensile strength of the tissue. Recoil-induced material expulsion results in an increase of both ablation efficiency and mechanical side effects of ablation. Theoretical modelling of the succession of phase transitions in nanosecond-laser tissue ablation and of recoil-induced material expulsion remain a major challenge for future work.},
   keywords = {Physik und Astronomie},
   year = {2005}
}