@article{Karpf:16,
author = {Sebastian Karpf and Matthias Eibl and Benjamin Sauer and Fred Reinholz and Gereon H\"{u}ttmann and Robert Huber},
journal = {Biomed. Opt. Express},
keywords = {Fiber optics imaging; Nonlinear optics, fibers; Lasers, fiber; Fluorescence microscopy; Nonlinear microscopy; Femtosecond pulses; In vivo imaging; Laser sources; Nanosecond pulses; Optical systems; Ultrafast lasers},
number = {7},
pages = {2432--2440},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
title = {Two-photon microscopy using fiber-based nanosecond excitation},
volume = {7},
month = {Jul},
year = {2016},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-7-7-2432},
doi = {10.1364/BOE.7.002432},
abstract = {Two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy is a powerful technique for sensitive tissue imaging at depths of up to 1000 micrometers. However, due to the shallow penetration, for in vivo imaging of internal organs in patients beam delivery by an endoscope is crucial. Until today, this is hindered by linear and non-linear pulse broadening of the femtosecond pulses in the optical fibers of the endoscopes. Here we present an endoscope-ready, fiber-based TPEF microscope, using nanosecond pulses at low repetition rates instead of femtosecond pulses. These nanosecond pulses lack most of the problems connected with femtosecond pulses but are equally suited for TPEF imaging. We derive and demonstrate that at given cw-power the TPEF signal only depends on the duty cycle of the laser source. Due to the higher pulse energy at the same peak power we can also demonstrate single shot two-photon fluorescence lifetime measurements.},
}

@inproceedings{10.1117/12.2217572,
author = {Sijia Wang and Gereon H{\"u}ttmann and Tayyaba Hasan and Ramtin Rahmanzadeh},
title = {{Molecular targeted PDT with selective delivery of ICG Photo-Immunoconjugates
(Conference Presentation)}},
volume = {9694},
booktitle = {Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection: Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy XXV},
editor = {David H. Kessel and Tayyaba Hasan},
organization = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
publisher = {SPIE},
pages = {96940O},
keywords = {photodynamic therapy, liposome, endosomal entrapment, nanotechnology, cell proliferation, photochemical internalization},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1117/12.2217572},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2217572}
}

@article{Hüttmann2016,
   author = {Huttmann, Gereon and Moltmann, Moritz and Spahr, Hendrik and Tode, Jan and de Roeck, Anna and Theisen-Kunde, Dirk and Birngruber, Reginald and Koinzer, Stefan and Brinkmann, Ralf},
   title = {Retinal lesion formation during photocoagulation investigated by high-speed 1060 nm Doppler-OCT: first clinical results},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {57},
   number = {12},
   pages = {5852-5852},
   abstract = {Abstract Purpose : The molecular processes during heating with a photocoagulation laser, particularly in sub-visible or mere thermal stimulation treatment, have only partly been understood, and different theories exist that try to explain its clinical efficacy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was successfully used to grade lesions with high accuracy 1 hour after the treatments and beyond. During the irradiation, changes in tissue scattering and, by use of the Doppler signal, tissue motion caused by thermal expansion and coagulation-induced tissue contraction were shown to correlate ex-vivo and in rabbits with the strength of photocoagulation lesions. Aim of this study was to validate feasibility and reproducibility of these results in humans. Methods : In an ongoing study more than 100 lesions of three patients have been imaged with a slitlamp-based OCT (1060 nm, 90,000 A-scans/s) with varying irradiance during laser exposure. Durations of the exposure were 50 ms and 200 ms; spot size was 300 µm. Eye movements and heart beat were corrected by cross-correlation of the images. Increased tissue scattering and movement of the neuronal retina due to thermal expansion were determined from the image sequences with 3 ms temporal resolution. Results : In the first treatments with this prototype device, we received acceptable image quality in 1/3 of the lesions. Changes in the neuronal retina were successful visualized during and after the laser irradiation, demonstrating the feasibility of a real-time assessment of initial effects of photocoagulation in humans. Lesion visibility in standard, reflection-based OCT was much weaker during treatment compared to 1 hour afterwards. Increased tissue scattering was observed in stronger lesions already during the laser irradiation. At reduced irradiance, scattering increase was only observed after the end of irradiation. However, tissue motion towards the vitreous was still observed in these cases. Conclusions : In conclusion, high-speed OCT recording during photocoagulation measures initial tissue changes during photocoagulation in humans. It may enhance our understanding of the tissue dynamics right after laser irradiation. It may provide useful information for a real-time dosage control as well. This is an abstract that was submitted for the 2016 ARVO Annual Meeting, held in Seattle, Wash., May 1-5, 2016.},
   ISSN = {1552-5783},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Horstmann2016,
   author = {Horstmann, J. and Siebelmann, S. and Schulz-Hildebrandt, H. and Glasunow, I. and Schadschneider, A. and Hüttmann, G.},
   title = {OCT verstehen – Teil 1: Physikalische Grundlagen},
   journal = {Augenheilkunde up2date},
   volume = {6},
   number = {04},
   pages = {289-300},
   ISSN = {1616-9719},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0042-113337},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wang2016,
   author = {Wang, S. and Huttmann, G. and Scholzen, T. and Zhang, Z. and Vogel, A. and Hasan, T. and Rahmanzadeh, R.},
   title = {A light-controlled switch after dual targeting of proliferating tumor cells via the membrane receptor EGFR and the nuclear protein Ki-67},
   journal = {Sci Rep},
   volume = {6},
   pages = {27032},
   note = {2045-2322
Wang, Sijia
Huttmann, Gereon
Scholzen, Thomas
Zhang, Zhenxi
Vogel, Alfred
Hasan, Tayyaba
Rahmanzadeh, Ramtin
Journal Article
England
Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 1;6:27032. doi: 10.1038/srep27032.},
   abstract = {Using nanotechnology for optical manipulation of molecular processes in cells with high spatial and temporal precision promises new therapeutic options. Especially tumor therapy may profit as it requires a combination of both selectivity and an effective cell killing mechanism. Here we show a dual targeting approach for selective and efficient light-controlled killing of cells which are positive for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Ki-67. Liposomes with the covalently linked EGFR antibody Erbitux enabled selective uptake of FITC-labeled Ki-67 antibody TuBB-9 in EGFR-positive cells pre-loaded with the photoactive dye BPD. After irradiation at 690 nm, BPD disrupted the endosomal membranes and delivered the antibodies to the nucleoli of the cells. The second irradiation at 490 nm activated the FITC-labeled TuBB-9, which caused inactivation of the Ki-67 protein and subsequent cell death via apoptosis. Efficient cell killing was possible at nanomolar concentrations of TuBB-9 due to the effective transport by immune liposomes and the high efficacy of the Ki-67 light-inactivation. Delivery of the liposomal constructs and cell destruction correlated well with the EGFR expression pattern of different cell lines (HeLa, OVCAR-5, MCF-7, and human fibroblasts), demonstrating an excellent selectivity.},
   ISSN = {2045-2322},
   DOI = {10.1038/srep27032},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Pieper2016,
   author = {Pieper, M. and Schulz-Hildebrandt, H. and Mall, M. and Hüttmann, G. and König, P.},
   title = {Intravital microscopy of mucus transport in mice provides mechanistic insight into hypertonic saline treatment of Cystic Fibrosis},
   journal = {Pneumologie},
   volume = {70},
   number = {07},
   pages = {SOP2},
   ISSN = {0934-8387},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0036-1584654},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hillmann2016,
   author = {Hillmann, Dierck and Spahr, Hendrik and Pfäffle, Clara and Sudkamp, Helge and Franke, Gesa and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {In vivo optical imaging of physiological responses to photostimulation in human photoreceptors},
   journal = {PNAS Early Edition},
   pages = {1-6},
   abstract = {Noninvasive functional imaging of molecular and cellular processes of vision may have immense impact on research and clinical diagnostics. Although suitable intrinsic optical signals (IOSs) have been observed ex vivo and in immobilized animals in vivo, detecting IOSs of photoreceptor activity in living humans was cumbersome and time consuming. Here, we observed clear spatially and temporally resolved changes in the optical path length of the photoreceptor outer segment as a response to an optical stimulus in the living human eye. To witness these changes, we evaluated phase data obtained with a parallelized and computationally aberration-corrected optical coherence tomography system. The noninvasive detection of optical path length changes shows neuronal photoreceptor activity of single cones in living human retina, and therefore, it may provide diagnostic options in ophthalmology and neurology and could provide insights into visual phototransduction in humans.},
   url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/10/10/1606428113.abstract},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Spahr2016,
   author = {Spahr, Hendrik and Hillmann, Dierck and Hain, Carola and Pfäffle, Clara and Sudkamp, Helge and Franke, Gesa and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Imaging vascular dynamics in human retina using full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation)},
   volume = {9697},
   pages = {96970E-96970E-1},
   note = {10.1117/12.2214303},
   abstract = {We demonstrate a new non-invasive method to assess the functional condition of the retinal vascular system. Phase-sensitive full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (PhS-FF-SS-OCT) is used to investigate retinal vascular dynamics at unprecedented temporal resolution. Motion of retinal tissue, that is induced by expansion of the vessels therein, is measured with an accuracy of about 10 nm. The pulse shape of arterial and venous pulsation, their temporal delay as well as the frequency dependent pulse propagation through the capillary bed are determined. For the first time, imaging speed and motion sensitivity are sufficient for a direct measurement of pulse waves propagating with more than 600 mm/s in retinal vessels of a healthy young subject.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2214303},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year = { 2016}
}

@inproceedings{Pieper2016,
   author = {Pieper, Mario and Schulz-Hildebrandt, Hinnerk and Hüttmann, Gereon and König, Peter},
   title = {Imaging of mucus clearance in the airways of living spontaneously breathing mice by optical coherence microscopy (Conference Presentation)},
   volume = {9691},
   pages = {969116-969116-1},
year = { 2016},
   note = {10.1117/12.2209054},
   abstract = {Mucus transport is essential to remove inhaled particles and pathogens from the lung. Impaired removal of mucus often results in worsening of lung diseases. To understand the mechanisms of mucus transport and to monitor the impact of therapeutic strategies, it is essential to visualize airways and mucus in living animals without disturbing transport processes by intubation or surgically opening the airways. We developed a custom-built optical coherence microscope (OCM) providing a lateral and axial resolution of approximately 1.5 µm with a field of view of 2 mm at up to 150 images/s. Images of the intact trachea and its mucus transport were recorded in anesthetized spontaneously breathing mice. NaCl solution (0.9% and 7%) or Lipopolysaccharide were applied intranasally. OCM resolved detailed structure of the trachea and enabled measuring the airway surface liquid (ASL) thickness through the tracheal wall. Without stimulation, the amount of ASL was only a few µm above the epithelium and remained constant. After intranasal application of 30 µl saline at different concentrations, an early fast cough-like fluid removal with velocities higher than 1 mm/s was observed that removed a high amount of liquid. The ASL thickness increased transiently and quickly returned to levels before stimulation. In contrast to saline, application of Lipopolysaccharide induced substantial mucus release and an additional slow mucus transport by ciliary beating (around 100 µm/s) towards the larynx was observed. In conclusion, OCM is appropriate unique tool to study mechanisms of mucus transport in the airways and effects of therapeutic interventions in living animals.},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2209054},
   type = {Conference Proceedings}
}

@article{Hillmann2016,
   author = {Hillmann, Dierck and Spahr, Hendrik and Hain, Carola and Sudkamp, Helge and Franke, Gesa and Pfäffle, Clara and Winter, Christian and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Aberration-free volumetric high-speed imaging of in vivo retina},
   journal = {Scientific Reports},
   volume = {6},
   pages = {1-11},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep35209},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wang2016,
   author = {Wang, Sijia and Hüttmann, Gereon and Rudnitzki, Florian and Diddens-Tschoeke, Heyke and Zhang, Zhenxi and Rahmanzadeh, Ramtin},
   title = {Indocyanine green as effective antibody conjugate for intracellular molecular targeted photodynamic therapy},
   journal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},
   volume = {21},
   number = {7},
   pages = {078001-078001},
   note = {10.1117/1.JBO.21.7.078001},
   abstract = {Abstract.  The fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) is clinically approved and has been applied for ophthalmic and intraoperative angiography, measurement of cardiac output and liver function, or as contrast agent in cancer surgery. Though ICG is known for its photochemical effects, it has played a minor role so far in photodynamic therapy or techniques for targeted protein-inactivation. Here, we investigated ICG as an antibody-conjugate for the selective inactivation of the protein Ki-67 in the nucleus of cells. Conjugates of the Ki-67 antibody TuBB-9 with different amounts of ICG were synthesized and delivered into HeLa and OVCAR-5 cells through conjugation to the nuclear localization sequence. Endosomal escape of the macromolecular antibodies into the cytoplasm was optically triggered by photochemical internalization with the photosensitizer BPD. The second light irradiation at 690 nm inactivated Ki-67 and subsequently caused cell death. Here, we show that ICG as an antibody-conjugate can be an effective photosensitizing agent. Best effects were achieved with 1.8 ICG molecules per antibody. Conjugated to antibodies, the ICG absorption peaks vary proportionally with concentration. The absorption of ICG above 650 nm within the optical window of tissue opens the possibility of selective Ki-67 inactivation deep inside of tissues.},
   ISSN = {1083-3668},
   year = {2016},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Spahr2015,
   author = {Spahr, Hendrik and Hillmann, Dierck and Hain, Carola and Pfäffle, Clara and Sudkamp, Helge and Franke, Gesa and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Imaging pulse wave propagation in human retinal vessels using full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {Optics Letters},
   volume = {40},
   number = {20},
   pages = {4771-4774},
   abstract = {We demonstrate a new noninvasive method to assess biomechanical properties of the retinal vascular system. Phase-sensitive full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (PhS-FF-SS-OCT) is used to investigate retinal vascular dynamics at unprecedented temporal resolution. The motion of retinal tissue that is induced by expansion of the vessels therein is measured with an accuracy of about 10 nm. The pulse shapes of arterial and venous pulsations, their temporal delays, as well as the frequency-dependent pulse propagation through the capillary bed, are determined. For the first time, imaging speed and motion sensitivity are sufficient for a direct measurement of pulse waves propagating with more than 600 mm/s in retinal vessels of a healthy young subject.},
   keywords = {Optical coherence tomography
Ophthalmology
Time-resolved imaging
Functional monitoring and imaging},
   DOI = {10.1364/OL.40.004771},
   url = {http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-40-20-4771},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Diddens-Tschoeke2015,
   author = {Diddens-Tschoeke, Heyke C. and Hüttmann, Gereon and Gruber, Achim D. and Pottier, Roy H. and Hanken, Henning},
   title = {Localized thermal tumor destruction using dye-enhanced photothermal tumor therapy},
   journal = {Lasers in Surgery and Medicine},
   pages = {n/a-n/a},
   keywords = {photothermal therapy
naphthalocyanine derivative
in-vivo
laser
dye-enhanced},
   ISSN = {1096-9101},
   DOI = {10.1002/lsm.22356},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22356},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Schulz-Hildebrandt2015,
   author = {Schulz-Hildebrandt, H. and Pieper, M. and König, P. and Hüttmann, G.},
   title = {Improved endoscopic optical coherence microscopy for imaging of humans airways in patients},
   journal = {Pneumologie},
   volume = {69},
   number = {07},
   pages = {A49},
   ISSN = {0934-8387},
   DOI = {10.1055/s-0035-1556641},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Hüttmann2015,
   author = {Huttmann, Gereon and Koinzer, Stefan Otto Johannes and Müller, Heike and Ellerkamp, Iris and Baade, Alex and Moltmann, Moritz and Theisen-Kunde, Dirk and Lange, Birgit and Brinkmann, Ralf and Birngruber, Reginald},
   title = {Predicting ophthalmoscopic visibility of retinal photocoagulation lesions byhigh-speedOCT: an animal studyinrabbits},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {56},
   number = {7},
   pages = {5980-5980},
   ISSN = {1552-5783},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

title = {Non-Invasive Multi-Dimensional Two-Photon Microscopy enables optical fingerprinting (TPOF) of immune cells},
journal = {Journal of Biophotonics},
volume = {8},
number = {6},
pages = {466-479},
keywords = {ocular surface, intravital two-photon microscopy, antigen presenting cells, in vivo, non invasive},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201400036},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbio.201400036},
eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jbio.201400036},
abstract = {Mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to pathogens and show high immunological activity. In a broad variety of ocular surface disorders inflammation is common, but underlying mechanisms are often not fully understood. However, the main clinical problem is that inflammatory processes are difficult to characterize and quantify due to the impossibility of repeated tissue probing of the delicate ocular surface. Therefore non-invasive optical methods are thought to have the potential for intravital investigation of ocular surface inflammation. This study demonstrates the general potential of two-photon microscopy to non-invasively detect and discriminate key players of inflammation in the ocular surface by using intrinsic fluorescence-based features without the necessity of tissue probing or the use of dyes. The use of wavelength dependent measurements of fluorescence lifetime, in addition to autofluorescence intensity enables a functional differentiation of isolated immune cells in vitro at excitation wavelengths between 710 to 830 nm. Mixed cell cultures and first in vivo results indicate the use of excitation wavelength of 710 to 750 nm for further experiments and future use in patients. Two photon based autofluorescence features of immune cells enables non-invasive differentiation.},
year = {2015}
}

@article{Klinger2017,
   author = {Klinger, A. and Krapf, L. and Orzekowsky-Schroeder, R. and Koop, N. and Vogel, A. and Huttmann, G.},
   title = {Intravital autofluorescence 2-photon microscopy of murine intestinal mucosa with ultra-broadband femtosecond laser pulse excitation: image quality, photodamage, and inflammation},
   journal = {J Biomed Opt},
   volume = {20},
   number = {11},
   pages = {116001},
   ISSN = {1083-3668},
   DOI = {10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.116001},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Ansari2015,
   author = {Ansari, R. and Buj, C. and Pieper, M. and Konig, P. and Schweikard, A. and Huttmann, G.},
   title = {Micro-anatomical and functional assessment of ciliated epithelium in mouse trachea using optical coherence phase microscopy},
   journal = {Opt Express},
   volume = {23},
   number = {18},
   pages = {23217-24},
   note = {1094-4087
Ansari, Rehman
Buj, Christian
Pieper, Mario
Konig, Peter
Schweikard, Achim
Huttmann, Gereon
Journal Article
United States
Opt Express. 2015 Sep 7;23(18):23217-24. doi: 10.1364/OE.23.023217.},
   abstract = {Motile cilia perform a range of important mechanosensory and chemosensory functions, along with expulsion of mucus and inhaled pathogens from the lungs. Here we demonstrate that spectral domain optical coherence phase microscopy (SD-OCPM), which combines the principles of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal microscopy, is particularly well-suited for characterization of both morphology and the ciliary dynamics of mouse trachea. We present micro-anatomical images of mouse trachea, where different cell types can be clearly visualized. The phase contrast, which measures the sub-nanometer changes in axial optical pathlength is used to determine the frequency and direction of cilia beatings.},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   DOI = {10.1364/oe.23.023217},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Wang2015,
   author = {Wang, S. and Huttmann, G. and Zhang, Z. and Vogel, A. and Birngruber, R. and Tangutoori, S. and Hasan, T. and Rahmanzadeh, R.},
   title = {Light-Controlled Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies for Targeted Photoinactivation of Ki-67},
   journal = {Mol Pharm},
   note = {1543-8392
Wang, Sijia
Huttmann, Gereon
Zhang, Zhenxi
Vogel, Alfred
Birngruber, Reginald
Tangutoori, Shifalika
Hasan, Tayyaba
Rahmanzadeh, Ramtin
Journal article
Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 13.},
   abstract = {The selective inhibition of intracellular and nuclear molecules such as Ki-67 holds great promise for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. However, the choice of the target protein and the intracellular delivery of the functional agent remain crucial challenges. Main hurdles are (a) an effective delivery into cells, (b) endosomal escape of the delivered agents, and (c) an effective, externally triggered destruction of cells. Here we show a light-controlled two-step approach for selective cellular delivery and cell elimination of proliferating cells. Three different cell-penetrating nano constructs, including liposomes, conjugates with the nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and conjugates with the cell penetrating peptide Pep-1, delivered the light activatable antibody conjugate TuBB-9-FITC, which targets the proliferation associated protein Ki-67. HeLa cells were treated with the photosensitizer benzoporphyrin monoacid derivative (BPD) and the antibody constructs. In the first optically controlled step, activation of BPD at 690 nm triggered a controlled endosomal escape of the TuBB-9-FITC constructs. In more than 75% of Ki-67 positive, irradiated cells TuBB-9-FITC antibodies relocated within 24 h from cytoplasmic organelles to the cell nucleus and bound to Ki-67. After a second light irradiation at 490 nm, which activated FITC, cell viability decreased to approximately 13%. Our study shows an effective targeting strategy, which uses light-controlled endosomal escape and the light inactivation of Ki-67 for cell elimination. The fact that liposomal or peptide-assisted delivery give similar results leads to the additional conclusion that an effective mechanism for endosomal escape leaves greater variability for the choice of the delivery agent.},
   keywords = {endosomal entrapment
liposome
nanotechnology
nuclear localization sequence (NLS)
photodynamic therapy},
   ISSN = {1543-8384},
   DOI = {10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00260},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Spahr2015,
   author = {Spahr, Hendrik and Hain, Carola and Sudkamp, Helge and Franke, Gesa and Hillmann, Dierck and Huttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Functional Microangiography of in vivo human retina by Full-Field OCT},
   journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
   volume = {56},
   number = {7},
   pages = {5974-5974},
   abstract = { PurposeOCT based functional microangiography of the retina requires high speed acquisition of a large number of volumetric datasets. Imaging speed of conventional scanning OCT devices is limited by the applicable radiant power and the mechanics used to scan the focused beam over the desired field of view. Full-Field Swept-Source OCT (FF-SS-OCT) resolves both issues, using an areal illumination, which dramatically increases the allowed amount of radiation, and an ultrafast camera for a highly parallelized acquisition.  MethodsThe retina of healthy volunteers was illuminated with wavelengths between 816 and 867 nm by the extended beam of a tunable laser (Broadsweeper, Superlum). Retinal irradiance was below the maximum permissable exposure (MPE). Light backscattered from the retina was imaged onto an ultrafast CMOS camera (SA-Z, Photron), where it interfered with an extended reference beam. From a series of interference images at different wavelengths, volumetric OCT images of the retina were reconstructed.  ResultsWe demonstrate in vivo retinal imaging at 9.9 billion voxels per second (40 million A-scans/s with 256 axial pixels). Sacrificing depth resolution by reducing the number of axial pixels, the A-scan rate was increased to more than 1 billion A-scans per second. FF-SS-OCT allowed imaging of all important retinal structures with good quality at unprecedented imaging speed (see fig. 1). Fast volumetric imaging at up to 3000 volumes/s was used to visualize small capillaries and to analyze the pulsation of retinal arteries and veins (see fig. 2). Imaging time for an area of 4 mm x 2 mm (896 x 368 A-scans) was only 316 µs. The high volume rate and the inherent phase stability enabled quantitative measurement of the change of retinal thickness due to blood pulsation with approx. 10 nm precision. A delay of the venous pulsation with respect to the arteries was observed (approx. 11 ms). The amplitudes of higher frequency components of the venous pulsation were considerably attenuated.  ConclusionsFF-SS-OCT provides fast volumetric imaging of the retina with good image quality. The capillary network can be analyzed with high spatial and temporal resolution. Analysis of retinal pulsation may provide information on pathological changes of vessels and capillaries. Angiographic OCT acquired with the FF-SS-OCT setup. Functional angiography showing the pulsation of retinal artery and vein.},
   ISSN = {1552-5783},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/},
   year = {2015},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{Guder2014,
   author = {Guder, Ellen and Lankenau, Eva and Fleischhauer, F. and Schulz-Hildebrandt, H. and Hüttmann, G. and Pau, H. W. and Just, Tino},
   title = {Microanatomy of the tympanic membrane in chronic myringitis obtained with optical coherence tomography},
   journal = {European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology},
   pages = {1-7},
   keywords = {Optical coherence tomography
Tympanic membrane
Chronic myringitis},
   ISSN = {0937-4477},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00405-014-3373-z},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-014-3373-z},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article {Steven900,
	author = {Philipp Steven and Carolin Le Blanc and Eva Lankenau and Marc Krug and Stefan Oelckers and Ludwig M Heindl and Uta Gehlsen and Gereon Huettmann and Claus Cursiefen},
	title = {Optimising deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) using intraoperative online optical coherence tomography (iOCT)},
	volume = {98},
	number = {7},
	pages = {900--904},
	year = {2014},
	doi = {10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304585},
	publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd},
	abstract = {Background/aims To describe the use of intraoperative online optical coherence tomography (iOCT) for improving deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) surgery. Methods Retrospective case series of 6 eyes of 6 male patients with keratokonus, corneal dystrophy or herpetic stromal scars undergoing DALK were investigated using intraoperative optical coherence tomography and postsurgical image/video analysis. Main outcome measures were: visibility of surgical steps, especially, assessment of placement depth of injection needle, preparation of bare Descemet{\textquoteright}s membrane and drainage of interface fluid. Results iOCT enables real-time visualisation of all surgical steps of DALK procedure in all patients. Placement of air injection needle above Descemet{\textquoteright}s membrane was reliably monitored as was presence of bare Descemet{\textquoteright}s membrane and potential interface fluid. Conclusions iOCT assists with visualisation of injection needle placement and with assessment of bare Descemet{\textquoteright}s membrane as well as interface fluid during the DALK procedure. Overall iOCT may be a helpful device that supports surgeons in all steps of DALK procedure.},
	issn = {0007-1161},
	URL = {https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/7/900},
	eprint = {https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/7/900.full.pdf},
	journal = {British Journal of Ophthalmology}
}

@article{Ansari2014,
   author = {Ansari, Rehman and Myrtus, Christian and Aherrahrou, Redouane and Erdmann, Jeanette and Schweikard, Achim and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed spectral domain optical coherence phase microscopy},
   journal = {Optics Letters},
   volume = {39},
   number = {1},
   pages = {45-47},
   abstract = {We present an ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed spectral domain optical coherence phase microscopy (SD-OCPM) system that combines submicrometer transverse spatial resolution and subnanometer optical path length sensitivity, with an acquisition speed of over 217,000  voxels/s. The proposed SD-OCPM system overcomes two significant drawbacks of traditional common-path interferometers—limited transverse spatial resolution and suboptimal detection sensitivity—while maintaining phase stability that is comparable with common-path interferometer setups. The transverse and axial spatial resolution of the setup is measured to be 0.6 and 1.9 μm, respectively, with a phase sensitivity of 0.0027 rad (corresponds to optical path length sensitivity of 110 pm). High-speed acquisition allows for phase-sensitive 4D imaging of biological samples with subcellular resolution.},
   keywords = {Microscopy
Coherence imaging
Three-dimensional microscopy},
   DOI = {10.1364/OL.39.000045},
   url = {http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-39-1-45},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@article{10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4672,
    author = {Steven, Philipp and Le Blanc, Carolin and Velten, Kai and Lankenau, Eva and Krug, Marc and Oelckers, Stefan and Heindl, Ludwig M. and Gehlsen, Uta and Hüttmann, Gereon and Cursiefen, Claus},
    title = "{Optimizing Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Using Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography}",
    journal = {JAMA Ophthalmology},
    volume = {131},
    number = {9},
    pages = {1135-1142},
    year = {2013},
    month = {09},
    abstract = "{Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) is a challenging procedure for the surgeon, particularly because of deficient visibility of the delicate tissue due to the natural en face view through the operating microscope. A cross-sectional view would greatly enhance intraoperative overview and enable the surgeon to better control the procedure.  To retrospectively analyze the use of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) for improving the safety of DMEK.Intraoperative OCT during DMEK was performed in 26 eyes of 26 patients. We retrospectively analyzed imaging and video data. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne.Seven men and 19 women aged 39 to 93 years with corneal endothelial dysfunction undergoing DMEK.Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty.Visibility of surgical steps, overall duration of DMEK, overall time for complete intraoperative air filling of the anterior chamber, and correlation between donor age and Descemet rolling behavior.Intraoperative OCT enables visualization of all steps of the DMEK procedure. Overall mean (SD) duration of the DMEK procedure was 25.7 (6.9) minutes when using iOCT. Overall mean (SD) complete intraoperative anterior chamber air-filling time was 236 (108) seconds in contrast to 60 to 90 minutes for standard air-filling time. Descemet membrane rolling behavior showed significant inverse correlation between donor age (range, 39-93 years) and the extent of rolling (R2 = 0.5 [P = .006]).Intraoperative OCT enhances the visibility of graft orientation and unfolding, thereby improving safety of the DMEK procedure. Overall, iOCT is a helpful device that may support surgeons in all steps of DMEK procedures.}",
    issn = {2168-6165},
    doi = {10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4672},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4672},
    eprint = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/articlepdf/1708786/eoi130143.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{10.1117/12.2033174,
author = {B. Olzowy and N. Starke and T. Schuldt and G. H{\"u}ttmann and E. Lankenau and T. Just},
title = {{Optical coherence tomography and confocal endomicroscopy for rhinologic pathologies: a pilot study}},
volume = {8805},
booktitle = {Head and Neck Optical Diagnostics},
editor = {Christian Betz and Brian J. F. Wong M.D.},
organization = {International Society for Optics and Photonics},
publisher = {SPIE},
pages = {880505},
keywords = {optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, inverted papilloma , chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, mucociliary function, ciliated epithelium},
year = {2013},
doi = {10.1117/12.2033174},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2033174}
}

@article{LankenauKrugOelckersSchrageJustHüttmann+2013+233+239,
url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2013-0011},
title = {iOCT with surgical microscopes: a new imaging during microsurgery},
title = {},
author = {Eva Maria Lankenau and Marc Krug and Stefan Oelckers and Norbert Schrage and Tino Just and Gereon Hüttmann},
pages = {233--239},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
journal = {Advanced Optical Technologies},
doi = {doi:10.1515/aot-2013-0011},
year = {2013},
lastchecked = {2023-04-13}
}

@article{Xie_2013,
doi = {10.1088/0031-9155/58/3/555},
url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/58/3/555},
year = {2013},
month = {jan},
publisher = {IOP Publishing},
volume = {58},
number = {3},
pages = {555},
author = {Yijing Xie and Tim Bonin and Susanne Löffler and Gereon Hüttmann and Volker Tronnier and Ulrich G Hofmann},
title = {Coronal in vivo forward-imaging of rat brain morphology with an ultra-small optical coherence tomography fiber probe},
journal = {Physics in Medicine & Biology},
abstract = {A well-established navigation method is one of the key conditions for successful brain surgery: it should be accurate, safe and online operable. Recent research shows that optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a potential solution for this application by providing a high resolution and small probe dimension. In this study a fiber-based spectral-domain OCT system utilizing a super-luminescent-diode with the center wavelength of 840 nm providing 14.5 μm axial resolution was used. A composite 125 μm diameter detecting probe with a gradient index (GRIN) fiber fused to a single mode fiber was employed. Signals were reconstructed into grayscale images by horizontally aligning A-scans from the same trajectory with different depths. The reconstructed images can display brain morphology along the entire trajectory. For scans of typical white matter, the signals showed a higher reflection of light intensity with lower penetration depth as well as a steeper attenuation rate compared to the scans typical for gray matter. Micro-structures such as axon bundles (70 μm) in the caudate nucleus are visible in the reconstructed images. This study explores the potential of OCT to be a navigation modality in brain surgery.}
}

@article{Hillmann2013,
   author = {Hillmann, Dierck and Franke, Gesa and Hinkel, Laura and Bonin, Tim and Koch, Peter and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Off-axis full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography using holographic refocusing},
   pages = {857104-857104},
   note = {10.1117/12.2006436},
   abstract = {We demonstrate a full-field swept-source OCT using an off-axis geometry of the reference illumination. By using holographic refocusing techniques, a uniform lateral resolution is achieved over the measurement depth of approximately 80 Rayleigh lengths. Compared to a standard on-axis setup, artifacts and autocorrelation signals are suppressed and the measurement depth is doubled by resolving the complex conjugate ambiguity. Holographic refocusing was done efficiently by Fourier-domain resampling as demonstrated before in inverse scattering and holoscopy. It allowed to reconstruct a complete volume with about 10μm resolution over the complete measurement depth of more than 10mm. Off-axis full-field swept-source OCT enables high measurement depths, spanning many Rayleigh lengths with reduced artifacts.},
   DOI = {10.1117/12.2006436},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2006436},
   year = {2013},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

@inproceedings{Sudkamp2013,
   author = {Sudkamp, Helge and Lee, H Y and Hüttmann, Gereon and Kellerbee, A K},
   title = {An approach to increase the speed of Optical Coherence Tomography using a Virtually Imaged Phased Array},
   booktitle = {Studierendentagung},
   publisher = {Universität zu Lübeck},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
year= { 2013}
}

@inproceedings{Fleischhauer2013,
   author = {Fleischhauer, Felix and Schulz-Hildebrandt, Hinnerk and Bonin, Tim and Hüttmann, Gereon},
   title = {Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography on different tissues samples for tumor discrimination},
   booktitle = {Studierendentagung},
   publisher = {Universität zu Lübeck},
   type = {Conference Proceedings},
url = { https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a581/a18366acff021e12dcc090b40890ea70dcb8.pdf},
 year = { 2013}
}